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Biomedical subjects

G Williams

Publications and source records attributed to G Williams.

At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Assessment of a test of renal viability.

A test of renal viability using the uptake of 125I-iodohippurate by kidney biopsy specimens has been developed. It is applicable to all kidneys irrespective of the method of storage. The uptake of 125I-iodohippurate in experimental kidneys correlated well with warm or cold ischaemia time and subsequent renal function. The test was used for human cadaver kidneys offered for transplantation and there was good correlation between iodohippurate uptake and warm ischaemic time. With this test, prediction of renal function was accurate in 85% of human cadaver kidneys transplanted. Pulsatile perfusion had no effect on cadaver kidneys as measured by this test.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Essential fatty acids and fetal brain growth.

The fetal brain accumulates long-chain (C20 and 22) polyunsaturated fatty acids--arachidonic and docosahexaenoic--during cell division. De-novo synthesis of these acids does not occur and they are thought to be either directly derived from food or by metabolism from linoleic and linolenic acids, respectively. Administration of isotopically labelled linoleic and linolenic acids to pregnant guineapigs showed that only a small proportion of the label was converted to their respective long-chain polyunsaturated derivatives in the maternal liver. The proportion was increased within the phospholipids (structural lipids) by what appeared to be amultiple processing system which increased chain length and degree of polyunsaturation from maternal liver to placenta, fetal liver, and to fetal brain. Observations in man suggest a similar trend. The porportion of long-chain polyunsaturated acids increased in the phospholipids from maternal blood, cord blood, fetal liver, and fetal brain. These data show that the placenta and fetus are radically modifying the maternal phospholipids so as to achieve the high proportions of the C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the structural lipids of the developing brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Allograft immunity to histocompatibility and organ-specific antigens.

An experimental model has been developed in the dog in which a renal allograft was placed in the neck, leaving one of the dog's own kidney in situ. Five nonimmunosuppressed pairs of dogs have been studied by using the leucocyte migration test (LMT) as an in vitro measure of cell-mediated immunity. Antigen preparations from leucocytes, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle from both the kidney donor and the recipient were used in the LMT in order to study responses against transplantation and organ-specific antigens. Inhibition of migration with donor-specific leucocyte and kidney antigens was detectable prior to clinical evidence of rejection, which was confirmed histologically. Concurrently, inhibition was also observed with autologous kidney antigen and histological damage was noted in the recipient's own nontransplanted kidney, accompanied by increasing proteinuria. Autologous serum withdrawn daily and added to the test culture medium abolished the inhibition of migration, thus suggesting the development of blocking factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects of anticonvulsant drugs on the synthesis of DNA and protein by human bone marrow cells in vitro.

Suspensions of human bone marrow cells were incubated with various concentrations of phenobarbitone or phenytoin sodium for 2 h, and the effects of this incubation on the subsequent incorporation of 3H-thymidine and3H-leucine into DNA and protein, respectively, were studied. Both drugs caused a depression of 3H-thymidine incorporation and this phenomenon was not prevented by the addition of 100 mug of pteroyl-glutamic acid, folinic acid or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate per ml of marrow culture. The lowest concentration of drug which caused a statistically significant depression of 3H-thymidine incorporation was 200 mug per ml for phenobarbitone and 50 mug per ml for phenytoin sodium. Both phenobarbitone and phenytoin sodium also caused an increase in the incorporation of 3H-leucine at concentrations of 50 and 20 mug per ml, respectively, suggesting the possibility that a stimulation of protein synthesis within erythropoietic cells may play an important role in the development of anticonvulsant-induced macrocytosis.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1976

Diseases and histological normality of the renal glomerulus: a clinicopathological study.

Thirty-seven percutaneous renal biopsies showing no significant abnormalities on light microscopy were studied electron optically and by immunofluorescence when available. Assessment of the pathological material was followed by analysis of the patients' clinical notes, and a clinicopathological correlation was carried out. Twenty-three patients fulfilled the clinical criteria of minimal change disease; 10 did not behave clinically as minimal change and showed immune complex deposition; two had benign recurrent haematuria; and two had myelomatosis. Our study shows that if diagnosis is based solely on the light microscope appearances of renal biopsy, diseases other than minimal change are likely to be overlooked. Accuracy of diagnosis in structural terms requires additional immunofluorescence and electron microscopic study; final clinical diagnosis also requires careful follow-up, and repeat biopsy may be necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Further investigation of Coleman's Level Hypothesis.

Volunteers (16 male and 17 female) from introductory psychology courses were used to investigate Coleman's rationale in support of the Levels Hypothesis. Projective stimuli from parts of the Rorschach, TAT, and Sentence Completion techniques were presented, and subjects asked to rate how much the stimuli and their responses said something about themselves, their fathers, or mothers, to determine their awareness of the personal relevance of the stimuli and responses. Results indicated that both the stimulus and response ratings varied as expected at the .01 level of significance, thus supporting Coleman's rationale.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Pretreatment with antilymphocyte globulin and donor cells on graft prolongation in an experimental model and some observations on graft-versus-host reaction.

Survival of Lewis X Brown Norway F1 renal allografts was prolonged in Lewis recipients by pretreatment with small numbers of donor marrow cells and low dose antilymphocyte globulin(ALG)in combination. Either marrow cells or ALG alone were ineffective at these doses. It was also shown that pretreatment with marrow cells and antilymphocyte serum (ALS) considerably suppressed the local graft-versus-host reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Schools of public health--their doing and undoing.

The heretofore untold story of Abraham Flexner's role in the establishment of the first endowed schools of public health (Johns Hopkins and Harvard) provides an unusual window through which to view the historic struggle of public health doctors to resolve their identity problem. They have become a profession, nominally a part of and yet fundamentally different from that of the physician in patient care. Nonetheless, the primary qualification for leadership in public health still is considered an M.D. degree rather than a Dr.P.H. or some equivalent. The author analyzes the characteristic inability of public health leaders to support their grand visions in times critical for decision, and calls on the modern community health educator, planner, and organizer to face the explicit question that all but a few of his public health forebears have sidestepped: Is public health a brance of medicine? Are education and training for clinical medicine desirable preparation for a career in public health, or does this simply doom one essential profession to remain subordinate to another?

History of Medicine↗
PubMed1975

Megaloblastic erythropoiesis and macrocytosis in patients on anticonvulsants.

The results of deoxyuridine suppression tests on the bone marrow cells of 14 patients on anticonvulsant drugs, 11 of whom had evidence of megaloblastic erythropoiesis, indicated that the megaloblastic changes and macrocytosis encountered in treated epileptics are often not caused either by folate deficiency or by drug-induced impairment of the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate-dependent methylation of deoxyuridylate to thymidylate. A folate-related abnormality in the methylation of deoxyuridylate was found in only two of the 11 patients with megaloblastic erythropoiesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Role of lymphography in carcinoma of the prostate.

The results of bilateral pedal lymphography in 83 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland are presented. The patients were divided into two groups: 45 new cases and 38 late or old cases presenting several years after the onset of the disease. Altogether 25 of the new patients and 29 of the late patients had lymphographic evidence of lymph node metastases. The lymphogram results in relation to local tumour size, histological grade, the presence of skeletal metastases, and acid phosphatase levels are discussed. Of the new patients with T1 and T2 tumors--that is, those still localized within the prostatic capsule--41% had positive lymphograms. The inaccuracy of acid phosphatase estimations in detecting early extraprostatic spread is shown and compared with the greater accuracy of lymphography. Lymphography should be used as an initial investigation in all cases where aggressive therapy is being considered, and the importance of regular follow-up radiographs is emphasized.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1975

The influence of potassium on the renal vasculature and the adrenal gland, and their responsiveness to angiotensin II in normal man.

1. The effect of modifying potassium intake on arterial plasma renin activity, angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations, renal blood flow and their responses to exogenous angiotensin II has been assessed in twenty-six normal subjects. 2. Reduced potassium intake was associated with a significant increase in circulating renin activity and angiotensin II concentration and a significant reduction in renal blood flow. Conversely, a high potassium intake was associated with a significant increase in plasma aldosterone concentration and renal blood flow without alteration in plasma renin activity or angiotensin II concentration. 3. Reduced potassium intake decreased both the renal vascular and the adrenal response to infused angiotensin II. Conversely, an increased potassium intake enhanced the responsiveness of both systems. 4. The results suggest an important influence of potassium-induced renin-angiotensin system responses on both the renal vasculature and adrenal glomerulosa cell in normal man.

Adolescent↗