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Biomedical subjects

G Stanek

Publications and source records attributed to G Stanek.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Effectiveness of cefamandole against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in experimental infections.

An investigation was carried out into the effectiveness of cefamandole as compared to that of cephalothin against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus both in vitro and in mice with the experimental peritonitis-induced septicaemia as a model for a generalized infection. In the agar-diffusion test 95% of 118 and in the broth-dilution test 80% of 30 methicillin-resistant strains were sensitive to cefamandole. In experimental infections the ED50 with methicillin-resistant strains was 20 times greater than that required for the methicillin-sensitive strain although the MIC was only twice that for the latter. Doses of cephalothin required for treatment of infections due to methicillin-resistant strains were also twenty times greater than for those due to the methicillin-sensitive strain. But these differences were consistent with those in MIC (by factors of 16-32). Thus, the results of in-vitro testing of cefamandole are not predictive for its therapeutic efficacy in staphylococcal infections with methicillin-resistant strains. Therefore, rather than relying on inhibition zone diameter and MIC, the information that a staphylococcal strain is methicillin-resistant should be used as an indication not to choose cefamandole for chemotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

In vitro properties of mixtures of fibrin seal and antibiotics.

The incorporation of gentamycin, neomycin and Polymyxin E into fibrin seal results in prolonged clotting time after mixture with 4 NIH-units of thrombin per ml in vitro. The aminoglycoside antibiotics gentamycin and neomycin also diminished fibrin-alpha-chain crosslinkage and, as a consequence, clot rigidity, as demonstrated with clots containing gentamycin. Clotting time and the rate of alpha-chain crosslinking can be adjusted to normal values by the use of higher thrombin concentrations and incorporation of additional factor XIII into the sealing system. Drug release from the clots was similar for all three antibiotics tested and mainly dependent on the concentration gradient between the clot and its environment. Under the conditions of the present study, about 85% of the antibiotic content of fibrin seal clots were released within 72 h.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Growth of various bacteria and yeast in a peptide and an element diet.

Solutions of a peptide and an elemental diet were artificially contaminated with several bacterial and yeast strains. Their growth was measured after eight and 24 h incubation at 4 degrees and 22 degrees C. At 4 degrees C no increase in colony count could be observed in either diet within 24 h. At 22 degrees a significant increase of all but the campylobacter strains was obtained after 24 h in the peptide diet. In the elemental diet only the pseudomonas and the yeast strains showed a small increase, the campylobacters were reduced and the colony count of all the other test strains remained constant. As such diets are administered continuously for up to 24 h via a tube into the duodenum for severe intestinal disorders it is suggested (i) that they should be prepared under sterile conditions (ii) that peptide diets should be given for no longer than 8 h and (iii) that solutions of both diets should not be stored for longer than 24 h in the refrigerator.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1983

[Comparison of the ELISA (lipopolysaccharide) and Widal reactions (O antigen) in the diagnosis of Salmonella infections].

At various times after the onset of disease 50 sera of patients with bacteriologically proven salmonella infections were investigated for O-antigen specific antibodies in ELISA and Widal-tests. 21 of these sera were derived from patients with typhoid fever, 10 from patients with gastroenteritis due to various species of salmonella group D and 19 from patients with group B salmonella-gastroenteritis. Additional 44 sera stemming from patients without such infection were included in the investigation as a control. With ELISA the sera were examined for antibodies of the IgM- and IgG-class separately. As antigens lipopolysaccharide W-preparations from S. typhi ("group D-antigen") and S. typhimurium ("group B-antigen") were used in the ELISA. High reciprocal titers (geometric means: 1404, 2560, and 1020) of IgM were demonstrable in sera drawn 11-30 days after onset of the disease with group D- and group B-antigen respectively (Fig. 1, Table 1 and Table 2). With increasing distance of time from the onset of the disease these titers decreased rapidly. The titers of agglutinating antibodies as measured in the Widal-test behaved similarly to those of IgM (Fig. 1, Table 1 and 2), and the correlation between both was high (r = +0.93, Fig. 2). In contrast, titers of IgG-antibodies reached their maximum later, namely 31-60 days after onset of the disease (Table 1), and the correlation to the agglutinin-titers (r = +0.33, Fig. 3) was much lower. In sera of patients with typhoid fever reciprocal titers of IgM against the homogeneous group antigen surmounted those of IgG at the average by about 5 log2-step (mean g: 1404 and 79 respectively) between the 11th and 30th day of disease. At this stage of the disease also sera from patients with gastroenteritis due to both salmonella D or B demonstrated clearly an IgM-dominated ratio. After a period of more than 2 month this ratio was about 1:1 in sera of patients with typhoid fever or with salmonella group D-gastroenteritis, but was clearly IgG-dominated in sera obtained from patients with group B-gastroenteritis. This might be due to the fact that most of the sera classified as "obtained greater than 2 months after onset" stemmed from excreters of salmonella B species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1983

Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), microagglutination test (MA) and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in diagnosis of legionellosis.

Lipopolysaccharide was extracted with cold phenol water from Legionella pneumophila and used as antigen for ELISA. IgG and IgM antibodies were measured with the ELISA and the immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Agglutinating antibodies were measured by the microagglutination (MA) test. In tests on sera from 27 patients with confirmed Legionella infections predominantly due to L. pneumophila serogroup 1 the results with the ELISA, the IFA and the MA were compared to each other. Antibody titers obtained by the ELISA were in general much higher than those obtained by both other tests. The ELISA proved to be the most sensitive method (IgG: 91.3%, IgM: 52.2%) whereas the sensitivities of IFA and MA were IgG: 69.6%, IgM: 30.4% and 60.9%, respectively. There was low correlation of the IgG antibody titers but good correlation of the IgM titers. Further 49 sera from patients without Legionella infection were screened to calculate the specificities of the three tests which were equally good with all methods (98%).

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1982

Immunoglobulin allotypes and immune response to meningococcal polysaccharides A and C.

Serum samples were collected from 113 healthy Caucasian volunteers before and after vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharides (MPS) group A and group C. Antibodies to MPS group A and group C were measured and sera were typed for several Gm and Km(1) allotypes. A significant association was found between the Gm 1,3,17; 5,13,14,21 phenotype and low immune responsiveness to MPS group A. These results suggest the possible existence of an immunoglobulin allotype-linked immune suppression (Is) gene(s) in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Identification of Gram negative rods and evaluation of their antibiotic sensitivity: comparison of the BIOTEST MHK/ID-system with the API 20E-system and the agar diffusion test].

BIOTEST MHK/ID is a new system for the identification of gramnegative fermentative and non fermentative rods and for the simultaneous determination of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against 15 antimicrobial drugs. Its identification system was compared with the API 20E kit. When the computer generated identification manuals for each of the systems were used 99.5% of the 190 strains tested were identified. Of these identifications 98.4% were identical. Comparing the results of altogether 16 biochemical reactions 92.3% (table 4) were conformable. Considering each single test low agreement was found with the results of the Citrate-, Urea-, Voges-Proskauer- and Arginindehydrolase-tests (76.8, 79.5, 85.3 and 86.8% agreement, respectively). The BIOTEST MHK/ID system yielded more positive reactions. But despite of these differences there was no influence on the accuracy in identifying the species. Thus, both systems must be considered equally suited to identify gramnegative rods. The results of both BIOTEST MHK/ID system (MIC-values) and the agardiffusion test (inhibition zone sizes) were transferred into the interpretative criteria "sensitive", "intermediate" and "resistant" (table 1) and compared for each strain. The overall-agreement amounted to 93.0% (table 7). With the MIC-test, however, more (7.2%) strains were found "intermediate" than with the agardiffusion test (3.1%, table 8).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

[Penicillin-resistance as indicator of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus towards cephalosporines and structure-related substances (author's transl)].

81 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (41 methicillin-resistant and 40 -sensitive ones) were tested against older and newer cephalosporines in both broth-dilution and agardiffusion-tests using Mueller-Hinton (MH)-broth and MH-agar respectively in order to establish the degree of parallel-resistance. The substances used were cephalothin, cefazolin, cephalexin, cefamandol, cefuroxim, cefoxitin, cefotaxim and cefsulodin. Furthermore, for reasons of comparison the relatively new substance "Oxabetalaktam" was included in the investigation. As shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1 all methicillin-resistant strains required at the average at least 10 times the concentrations of cephalosporine (excepting cefsulodin) which was necessary to inhibit methicillin-sensitive strains. Again excepting cefsulodin, for each cephalosporine there was a clear bimodal distribution indicating a clear separation of both populations of strains: methicillin-sensitive and -resistant ones. Cephalothin cannot be used as test substance in agardiffusion-tests with staphylococci as there is no correlation between MIC and the inhibition zone size (Fig. 2). This is not necessary, anyway, since all methicillin-resistant strains must be regarded as resistant against virtually all cephalosporines available on the market (with the possible exception of cefamandol). By contrast, all methicillin-sensitive strains may be attacked successfully by concentrations of cephalosporines that are thought to be also effective in vivo. Since in agardiffusion-tests methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus are recognizable as easily as are otherwise merely penicillinase-producing ones (5) by using a paper disk loaded with 6 microgram benzyl-penicillin and since infections due to other grampositive organisms than staphylococci are no indication for treatment with cephalosporines there is no need to test any other betalactam-antibiotic than benzyl-penicillin with gram-positive organisms.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1981

Sensitivity of various spiroplasma strains against ethanol, formalin, glutaraldehyde, and phenol.

The efficacy of four different disinfectants on spiroplasmas pathogenic for plants, insects and vertebrates was determined using a microtiter technique. The results of the sensitivity testing indicate that spiroplasmas display a considerable resistance in comparison to cell wall bearing organisms. Particularly honey bee spiroplasmas proved to be less sensitive to the disinfectants tested, whereas Spiroplasma citri and the tick spiroplasmas showed a susceptibility comparable to E. coli and Staph. aureus. The findings are discussed in relation to the technique used and in respect of the implications for laboratory work.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1981

[Yersinia enterocolitica in drinking water (author's transl)].

Yersinia enterocolitica was recovered from drinking water stemming from three different water supplies. The isolates were all biovar 1, subgroup V according to Winblad. Isolation of these strains was made at 37 degrees C on Endo- and Lorenz-agar after enrichment in buffered nutrient broth supplemented with oxgall, lactose and dextrose. Y. enterocolitica was identified with the API 20 E-System. For grouping the strains, additional biochemical tests were done with the Minitek-System. Y. enterocolitica would not have been identified with the routinely used IMVIC-scheme. Therefore, a more sensitive routine system in identifying waterborne bacteria seems to be necessary. Finally, to our knowledge this is the first report of isolations of Y. enterocolitica from drink water in Austria.

Austria↗
PubMed1981

[Prerequisites for enhancement of the efficacy of fosfomycin by glucose-6-phosphate in treatment of experimentally infected animals (author's transl)].

In chemotherapy of otherwise fatally infected mice (intraperitoneally) the effective dose50 (ED50) of fosfomycin (2 single doses, subcutaneous application 1 and 6 h post infect.) was decreased significantly by supplementing the antibiotic solution with 100 mg glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) per kg animal and per injection if also the MIC of the infecting strain (Klebsiella oxytoca and K. aerogenes II) was lowered by addition of G-6-P (25 mg/l) to the nutrient medium (Table 1 and 2). With strains not exhibiting any influence on the MIC no such effect was observed (Table 1). From this it is concluded that the enhancement of antimicrobial activity of fosfomycin in vivo is based on the same mechanism as in vitro. This mechanism is the initiation of a second route of transportation into the bacterial cell (7), the hexose-6-phosphate transport system that apparently is inducible not only in vitro but also in vivo. Blood levels of G-6-P sufficient or above to induce this system in vitro (5 mg/l) were being held with doses of 100 mg/kg body weight in dogs during 70 to 120 min (Fig. 3) and 45 to 70 min (Fig. 4) when applied subcutaneously or intravenously respectively. These periods of contact area adequate to induce a considerable decrease of the MIC. With the strain used (K. oxytoca) the MIC of 128 mg/l was lowered by contact with G-6-P during 60 or 120 min to 16 or 8 mg/l respectively (Fig. 5). For full induction of the hexose-6-phosphate system resulting in a MIC of 2 mg/l however, 8 h were necessary. From the above findings it is concluded that clinical studies are necessary. As G-6-P is a (short-lived) physiological product of cell metabolism and nontoxic such studies are justifiable in cases where therapeutic use of fosfomycin can be regarded as an indication.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Antibacterial efficacy of some gargles in vivo (author's transl)].

Commercially available gargles containing (hexetidin 0.1%, dequaliniumchloride 0.01%, benzydamin 0.15%) or not containing (OdolTM 0.5%) antibacterials as well as hydrogen-peroxide (3% ml/ml) and aqua dest. as a control tested for their antibacterial efficacy in vivo by applying them for 30 s. Standardized mouth- and throat-washings of 15 volunteers were examined for their aerobic viable counts before as well as 5 and 60 min after gargling. The 5-minutes values (tab. 1) indicated only hexetidin to reduce the oro-pharyngeal flora significantly though not very profoundly by 0.95 orders of magnitude. Usage of the other gargles caused only log reductions of 0.16 to 0.39, aqua dest. such of 0.23. Sixty minutes after treatment (tab 2.) there was still a small but significant reduction of 0.61 log units demonstrable with hexetidin and the viable counts after treatment with hydrogen-peroxide were 0.31 log units below the baseline. The log reductions as assessed with the other gargles ranged 0.0 to 0.18. It is concluded that the favourable therapeutic effects observed clinically with many "antiseptic" gargles with infections of the upper respiratory tract are not based on the antibacterial efficacy of such preparations.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1980

[Cases of gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter fetus jejuni in Vienna].

Campylobacter fetus jejuni is a gram-negative spiral or comma-shaped rod, belonging to the family of Spirillaceae. It is now recognised as a cause of human gastroenteritis with fever. Recently, many reports have been published about sporadic cases as well as epidemic outbreaks. A symptomless carrier-state is also known. The mode of transmission is not yet fully understood. Direct, faecal-oral and indirect transmission especially via food contaminated with faeces are suspected. Recently, we isolated C. fetus jejuni from 4 out of 193 fecal samples stemming from patients with gastroenteritis. Cultures from 247 samples originating from patients without any enteritic symptoms yielded growth of this bacterium only once. All cultures were performed on selective media according to Skirrow. A short description of the course of illness is given for each case. As a consequence of its wide-spread occurrence and with respect to the relatively high frequency of its isolation, which is comparable to that of Salmonellae, this pathogen should be searched for in all faecal specimens of patients suffering from gastroenteritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis in Austria].

In Austria the report of epidemic meningitis is obligatory. Similar to other countries most of the observed strains of meningococci belong to the serogroups A, B and C. The morbidity is decreasing at present, the last peak occurred in the years 1966 to 1971. While several epidemics occurred in other parts of the world during the last years, only 1.2 cases in 100,000 persons were registered in Austria at that time, indicating an epidemiologic wave trough. During the observation period of 20 years the case fatality rate remained relatively constant at 8.6%. In comparison with other infectious diseases the percentage of deaths due to meningococcal infections has increased considerably during the last years. At present about half the deaths in children by infectious diseases are due to meningococci. Mortality and case fatality are very high in childhood and in persons over 50 years. Inversely the mean bactericidal antibody titer against group A and C meningococci is low in these age groups. Indications for meningococcal vaccination in the present situation are discussed.

Austria↗