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Biomedical subjects

G Rudolf

Publications and source records attributed to G Rudolf.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Psychiatric and Social Communication Inventory--a psychoanalytically based instrument for patient self-assessment].

In 1979 the PSKB, an instrument for standardized neurosis description, was published; we now have a great variety of evaluation procedures at our disposal. This article describes the development, application and evaluation of the PSKB-Se, an instrument which in great accordance with the PSKB makes a self-description of patients possible. The PSKB-Se is a psychoanalytically based self-assessment instrument which not only beholds a complaint list, but also especially registers therapy relevant intrapsychic and interactional attitudes. By applying the PSKB and the PSKB-Se in parallel one can especially investigate the connections between therapist assessment and patient self-assessment. This article furthermore also describes the factor analytical scale construction and the validity as well as various standardization measures. Each of the scales are interpreted on the basis of their clinical relevance and the correlation with other results. Effect examples from psychotherapy research illustrate the application possibilities of the instrument.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Personality markers of phobic patients and their change in psychotherapy. Descriptive results of a catamnestic project of the effectiveness of 6-9 week inpatient treatment].

The present paper is part on an extensive follow-up study aimed at the investigation of the effects of in-patient psychotherapy and at the durability of those effects. Using a psychoanalytic oriented personality-inventory (PSKB, Rudolf 1981) 85 phobic patients were examined at the beginning, at the end, and one year after a 6-8 week in-patient psychotherapy. Our results confirmed some of the generally described personality-characteristics in patients with phobia: the phobic symptoms are often accompanied by physical symptoms (sensation of dizziness, weakness sensation, palpitation, sleep disturbance, heavy sweating and breathlessness) and psychic symptoms (anxiousness, depression, restlessness, reduced self-awareness, pedantry, inhibition of aggressive impulses) which could be influenced by psychotherapy. Furthermore we depicted results which have not yet been published in literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Success in inpatient psychotherapy--results of a catamnesis project in a specialist hospital for psychogenic diseases].

The article reports on the quantitative and qualitative successes of inpatient psychotherapy within the framework of a catamnesis project that was started in 1986. All the patients of one year completed at the beginning and before the end of their inpatient treatment the PSKB of Rudolf, parts of the FAPK (Koch) and the Giessen test. One year later an abridged version and 3 years later the complete questionnaire material were collected. At the end of their course 12.5% of the patients complained of deterioration, whereas 20% did not report any change and 67.6% stated that their condition had improved. The therapeutic success did not diminish during the period covered by the catamnesis. By means of a factor analysis it was possible to extract 13 factors in the PSKB that were used as basis for the profiles of the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

EOG and ERG modifications induced in the chicken eye after blockade of catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine biosynthesis.

The involvement of catecholaminergic and indoleaminergic systems in the modulation of the standing potential of the eye was tested in chickens by means of an indirect electrooculography method and direct current electroretinogram recordings. D,L alpha-monofluoromethyl dopa (MFMD), 50 and 100 nmol), a highly specific inactivator of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, was injected intravitreally. This treatment is known to induce a selective and irreversible blockade of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine biosynthesis. Five hours after drug injection an important increase in the standing potential appeared. The light peak was delayed by about 5 min but its amplitude was unchanged. The return of the standing potential to basal value during maintained illumination was delayed by 5-10 min. The time course of the dark trough was not modified. The intensity-voltage functions were also studied for the various electroretinogram components, 5 hr after MFMD. The voltage of the b-wave was reduced (by 65% with the highest intensity), while the other components were little affected. Substantial reduction in dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations were found in treated retinas. These data, together with previous results, suggest that the standing potential of the chicken eye may be modulated by a balance between catecholamine and indoleamine systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Electrooculographic and electroretinographic study in the chicken after dopamine and haloperidol.

The implication of dopamine in the modulation of the standing potential of the eye was tested in the chicken through an indirect electrooculographic method and direct current electroretinogram (ERG) recording after haloperidol, a mixed D1-D2 antagonist. The standing potential of the eye was reduced within 15 min after intravitreal injection of the antagonist (150 micrograms). This effect is rapidly reversed by an application of dopamine. The fast oscillation was preserved but the light peak was either strongly reduced or abolished. The dark trough showed an apparently normal time course. The intensity-voltage function was studied for the various ERG components. After haloperidol the b-wave and the c-wave were strongly reduced, whereas the a-wave was little affected. Together with previous data obtained with intraocular injections of dopamine, our data suggest the involvement of dopamine in the modulation of the standing potential. They also support the hypothesis that the light peak, which is generated by a photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interaction, is influenced by dopamine or by a related substance. The modulatory effect could also be due to a balance between several neurotransmitter systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of intravitreal and intravenous administrations of dopamine on the standing potential and the light peak in the intact chicken eye.

We studied the modifications of the standing potential (SP) of the eye and of the light peak (LP) after exposure to dopamine, a neurotransmitter released at light by the inner retina and known to affect electrical properties of the retinal pigment epithelium. Intravenous or intravitreal injections of dopamine (DA) were performed on intact chickens. "Choroidal" application (through an intravenous injection) induced a transient increase of the SP and the LP was preserved. On the other hand, "apical" applications of DA (through an intraocular injection) also increased the SP but considerably depressed the LP. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the light-induced release of dopamine from the neuroretina may be responsible for the LP generation in the intact chicken eye.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Electrooculographic study in the chicken after treatment with neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine.

The implication of dopamine in the modulation of the standing potential of the eye was tested in the chicken by an indirect electrooculogram (EOG) method. After a single rapid systemic injection of dopamine, a transient dose-dependent increase in the EOG voltage was observed. EOG recordings during light and dark adaptation were performed after retinal dopamine depletion was induced by intraocular injections of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The eyes were injected on two successive days with a mixture of 6-OHDA (50 micrograms), pargyline (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor), and ascorbate added as an antioxidant. Following this treatment EOG recordings were performed 1, 4, and 8 days after the second injection. The electrophysiological changes appeared most spectacular on the fourth day: an important increase in the EOG basal values as well as of the amplitude of the light peak and of the dark trough were observed. Substantial reduction in retinal concentration of dopamine was found in treated retinas. These unexpected electrophysiological data offer additional evidence for the involvement of a catecholamine in the generation of the light peak and the dark trough of the EOG.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Psychogenic disorders in males and females].

The influence of sex difference on symptoms, behavior during illness, the interactional dynamics of conflict, and external society reality is studied here in two random samples of 615 and 739 patients who sought psychotherapeutic treatment. The comparison shows that greater importance is attached to interpersonal relations and social reality (early marriage with child, separation, divorce) as well as to coming to terms with these things emotionally among women, who were in the majority in all clinical studies. Women often fall ill because of difficult relationships from which they cannot free themselves inwardly and toward which the remain oriented with disappointment and complaints, even after actual separation. A stronger need for close personal relationships leads them (often against the background of a conflict-ridden parental family) to an early partnership that is often cemented by pregnancy, only to be dissolved later by divorce. The counter-image of such relational problems is more often found among male patients, who show difficulties in limiting their own autonomy and in establishing dependable emotional ties and social relations. The relationships between the different realities of the two sexes, the structure of their needs and the resulting predilection to illness are examined in detail.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

On cholinergic mechanisms in the optokinetic nystagmus of the frog: antagonistic effects of muscarinic and nicotinic systems.

In a monocular situation, an intravitreal injection of acetylcholine (ACh) agonists (especially muscarinic agonists like muscarine or oxotremorine) provoked both the suppression of the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) related to the injected eye, and the appearance of a nasal-temporal (N-T) component in the OKN triggered by the contralateral non-injected eye. These two effects were added in a binocular condition. Similar results were obtained with ACh nicotinic antagonists (D-tubocurarine, alpha-bungarotoxin, hexamethonium and gallamine). ACh muscarinic antagonists (atropine, scopolamine) had only moderate effects and failed to provoke an N-T component in the contralateral OKN. These data show that ACh mechanisms are involved in the control of the frog OKN, especially in directional asymmetry, nicotinic and muscarinic systems acting in an antagonistic way.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Psychotherapy institutions and their patients].

This article investigates a number of institutions and private practices involved in the Berlin psychotherapy study from the point of view of their patients and their offerings in the area of therapy. Certain similarities have been found to exist between the institutions in the sex and age structure of the patients as well as in terms of the high level of previous experience with psychotherapy and psychoanalysis and previous medical measures. None of the institutions or practices saw primarily socially privileged patients, as is sometimes maintained. To a considerable degree the people they see live in a destabilized situation or one that is not yet stabilized and enjoy little social certainty (ca. 50%). The rate of the indication for psychotherapy and its actual initiation varies considerably from one institution to another. It runs the spectrum from the municipal counseling services, whose little motivated patients are only open to psychotherapy at all at a rate of 50% (actual therapy 22%) to patients in private psychotherapeutic practices who have gone through a long motivational process and who begin therapy at a rate of 70%. Study of the relationship between the location of the institution and the area in which the patients live shows on the one hand a tendency toward regionalism insofar as institutions are preferred by the patients who live near by. On the other hand, these special institutions are also sought out by patients from more distant locations and from differently structured areas; these patients are represented to the same degree as patients from the immediate area. Although psychotherapeutic institutions are often situated in the "better" residential areas, their patients are by no means only from such privileged areas but from all regions, including those that are socially weak.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[The Berlin psychotherapy study (decision on indications and the therapeutic reality in various fields of psychotherapy practice].

This article presents concepts, problems, and approaches used in a completed observational study carried out by 47 therapists in analytical/psychotherapeutic private practices and institutions. The diagnostic situation (of 739 patients) and the initial phase of therapy (involving 381 patients) were studied with the help of a comprehensive system of documentation. What is documented here is the patient perspective on the one hand and the perspective of the therapists on the other with regard to numerous self-evaluations and evaluations by others, evaluations that throw light on the diagnostic-therapeutic process from different observational levels. Most of the scales used were developed in the study group. Given the complex structure of the data, new methods of storing and evaluating data had to be found. In addition to the description of the therapeutic reality of a large city, the main goal of the study was to examine the patient-therapist relationship and the prognostic elements it contains since these elements influence the indication for psychotherapy and the possibility of its successful realization and thus have the character of predictors for the course of psychotherapy. A number of other results of the study are presented in the succeeding contributions to this issue.

Berlin↗
PubMed1988

[The initial patient-therapist relation as a predictor of the course of treatment. An empirical study of prognostic factors in psychotherapy].

This article presents the results of investigation of prognostic factors (in terms of the decision concerning indication and the course of therapy) that can be deduced from the initial diagnostic situation involving 739 patients and their therapists within the framework of the Berlin psychotherapy study. Four groups of predictors for the course of therapy can by identified. Of greatest value are a related group of factors that describe the readiness for therapeutic cooperation against a background of feelings of individual self-esteem. Another group of predictors signals an unfavorable course of therapy in the presence of social stress, social incompetence and disintegration combined with avoidance behavior and somatic demands for consideration. The next group of negative predictors includes evidence of anxious-distrustful avoidance of contact and simultaneous helplessness on the part of the patient. A final positive group of indicators is based on a positive evaluation of a biography that has given the patient positive relational experiences and supportive introjects. The complex of therapists' descriptions and patient evaluations confirms the therapists as prognostic experts but allows for the recognition of differentiation in the patients' judgments. The results are discussed from an interactional point of view and with regard to the congruence of the mutual offers made by patient and therapist.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

[Forms of therapeutic working relations].

Five different forms of therapeutic cooperation were identified on the basis of evaluations by therapists and patients of the therapeutic working relationship using a multivariate method; the forms were compared with the diagnostic and prognostic information derived from the initial patient history. Differences were determined on the basis of age, economic situation, and behavior during illness, whereas education in the sense of the Yavis hypothesis and also sex had no predictor function for the quality of the therapeutic working relationship. It could also be shown that the patient's neurotic interaction patterns, readiness for transfer, and concept of illness all carry greater weight in a prognosis for the therapeutic working relationship than the establishment of a diagnosis.

Countertransference↗
PubMed1988

[Patterns of therapeutic cooperation and their relation to results of therapy].

Drawing on 121 cases of inpatient psychotherapy, this study investigates the evaluation of therapeutic cooperation by both patient and therapist and the predictions that can be made about the success of therapy on the basis of these evaluations. The authors discuss four different patterns of therapeutic cooperation that differ in the degree of positive judgment expressed and in relation to correlations and contradictions in the evaluations of the two parties to the dyad. The psychological characterization of these patterns makes it clear that they are specific types of mutual relational offers that correspond with the background of the personality structure of the patient in question. Factors of therapy motivation and expectations with regard to therapy, as well as certain defensive reactions, (e.g., denial) and the social class of the patient play an important role. In the second part of the discussion, the authors study the question of how the evaluations of the therapeutic working relationship and the four relational patterns are connected to results of therapy as determined at the end of therapy as well as in a catamnestic examination; it is shown that the degree of the relationship is dependent on the type of changes (structural vs. symptom-centered) that are measured, as well as on the person (therapist or patient) making the evaluation of success.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

[How do patients develop after inpatient psychotherapy?].

The following study examines the attitudes six months after stationary psychotherapeutic treatment of 82 patients examined on a monthly basis. The image presented is consistently positive with regard to improvement in both physical and psychological symptoms, changes in abnormal behavior, the relationship to partners and other people, and with regard to the satisfaction with therapy itself. Complementing the statistical results are citations from lengthy written evaluations by the patients of their stay in the hospital and the influence it has had on their current situation.

Follow-Up Studies↗