Retinal disease in neurology.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
G Morgan
Publications and source records attributed to G Morgan.
The University of Valle School of Nursing in Cali, Colombia.
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Colombia↗
Structure and function in the ruminant synepitheliochorial placenta: central role of the trophoblast binucleate cell in deer.
The ruminant placenta has a very uniform gross structure based on localised areas of fetomaternal membrane apposition and proliferation to form placentomes. There is no consistency, however, in the number or size of these placentomes (6-150), nor in the villus architecture of the individual placentome. The one consistent feature is the binucleate cell (BNC) population in the trophoblast. These BNC form 15-20% of the epithelium in all ruminants examined so far. They synthesise the placental lactogen hormone and other glycoproteins and migrate through tight junctions to fuse with a uterine epithelial cell to form initially fetomaternal hybrid trinucleate cells (TNC) and subsequently syncytial plaques (SP). Such SP may be transient or persist throughout pregnancy depending on the species. The wide range of deer species examined confirms the uniformity of the BNC hormone production, migration, and fusion pattern described for other ruminants. BNC migration produces predominantly transient TNC, but there are areas of SP largely restricted to the apex of the maternal crypts. Maternal large granule lymphocytes (LGL) are uniquely found in deer placentomal uterine epithelium; they are usually closely associated with TNC and SP sites, but the significance of the interactions remains to be established.
Animals↗
Experimental allergic myositis in rats.
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Animals↗
Mechanisms of aspirin chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
Good evidence indicates that the regular consumption of aspirin reduces the risk of colorectal cancer by up to 50%. This paper discusses mechanisms for this protection and considers carcinogen activation, cell proliferation, apoptosis and immune surveillance. It is not clear, however, whether these mechanisms are dose related. This question will remain to be answered until the optimum dose and duration of aspirin required for protection against colorectal cancer is established.
Animals↗
A suspected case of sarcocystis encephalitis in sheep.
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Animals↗
Localization of bovine trophoblast protein-1 in the cow blastocyst during implantation: an immunological cryoultrastructural study.
At implantation in ruminants the signal for maintenance of progesterone production by the corpus luteum, essential for a successful pregnancy, is an interferon-like protein (bovine, ovine or caprine trophoblast protein-1; e.g. bTP-1) produced by the blastocyst trophoblast. This quantitative immunogold cryoultrastructural study demonstrates that bTP-1 immunoreactivity is found only in the Golgi complex and associated clear vesicles in the uninucleate trophoblast cells between 18 and 23 days post insemination. The characteristic trophoblast binucleate cells (up to 20 per cent by number) show no significant label at any time. There is also some evidence for transient labelling of the fetomaternal microvillar junction at the time of maximum bTP-1 production suggesting a transfer of the molecule by exocytosis. No evidence for any labelling within the uterine epithelium was observed.
Animals↗
Genetic regulation of placental function: a quantitative in situ hybridization study of calcium binding protein (calbindin-D9k) and calcium ATPase mRNAs in sheep placenta.
The calcium requirement of the ovine fetus increases progressively throughout pregnancy. The 9-kDa calcium binding protein (calbindin-D9k; 9CBP) is considered to be a reliable marker for epithelia mediating calcium transport. This quantitative in situ hybridization study shows that the levels of 9CBP mRNA show a pregnancy stage-related increase which correlates with fetal calcium demand only in maternal endometrial gland and fetal interplacentomal trophoblast epithelia. Levels of 9CBP mRNA in the placentome, which has by far the greater area of maternofetal contact, show no changes during pregnancy. mRNA for the CaATPase enzyme, a second requirement for calcium transport, is shown to be present in epithelia in interplacentomal and placentomal regions but shows no change in concentration as pregnancy progresses. Results with the 9CBP and CaATPase mRNAs confirm our recent immunocytochemical results with ruminant placenta and indicate the basis for a cellular calcium transport system analogous to that in the enterocyte. The interplacentomal trophoblast system appears to be eminently suitable for investigations of details of the cellular mechanism and control of epithelial calcium transport.
Animals↗
A structural and immunological study of chorionic gonadotrophin production by equine trophoblast girdle and cup cells.
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) production by the fetally derived endometrial cups appears to be necessary for the establishment and maintenance of normal equine pregnancy. Starting at about the 27th day of pregnancy, an equatorial band of trophectodermal cells on the surface of the spherical conceptus forms the chorionic girdle. This girdle consists initially of flat trophectodermal epithelium which corrugates into folds as the cells proliferate. The folds are then pressed against the uterine epithelium by expansion of the conceptus. The cells on the apices of the folds become binucleate before they start to invade the endometrium at days 35-37. Ultrastructural immunogold labelling shows that they begin to synthesize eCG as early as day 32, before they migrate into and through the maternal epithelium. Clusters of the girdle binucleate cells penetrate deep into the endometrium. The mature cup cell has a cytoplasm full of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, a large Golgi apparatus and a strong immunoreactivity for the glucose transporter 1 isoform on its plasmalemma. Immunocytochemistry also demonstrates that eCG is localized in the Golgi cisternae, and in small dense granules similar to those found in the migrating girdle cell and present both in the Golgi region and at the peripheral plasmalemma. Release of eCG would therefore seem to be by the usual exocytotic mechanism as found for other protein hormones. The small size and absence of any significant accumulation of eCG-containing granules are in marked contrast to the numerous large luteinizing hormone (eLH) containing granules in the equine pituitary gonadotroph, although both hormones, eLH and eCG, show complete identity at the amino acid sequence level. These morphological indicators suggest that the cup cell secretes eCG constitutively (that is, continuously), with no requirement for secretagogues, whereas in the pituitary cell the regulated pathway is utilized capable of massive secretion under appropriate stimulation.
Acid Phosphatase↗
Associations between outdoor air pollution and daily mortality in Brisbane, Australia.
The results of several studies have indicated significant associations between daily mortality and air pollution, with little evidence of a threshold. In the current study, the authors examined daily mortality during the period 1987-1993 for the Brisbane region, which is the fastest-growing urban region in Australia (annual average concentration of particulate matter less than 10 microm in diameter = 27 microg/m3, maximum hourly sulfur dioxide level = 60 ppb, and maximum daily ozone hourly level = 118 ppb). The authors conducted a general estimating equation analysis, and they used autoregressive Poisson models for daily mortality to examine associations with air pollution variables. The authors used research methods developed in the Air Pollution on Health, European Approach (APHEA), project to control confounding effects of weather and temporal trends. The air pollutants examined included particulate pollution (measured by nephelometry [bsp data]), sulfur dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. The results indicated that the associations between total daily mortality and particulate levels found in studies in the United States and other countries may be applicable in Brisbane, Australia. Ozone levels were also associated significantly with total daily mortality. There was little evidence of interaction between the ozone effects (mainly in summer) and particulates or with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The associations between pollutants (ozone, bsp) and daily mortality were significant only for individuals who were older than 65 y of age; positive associations were also found with cardiovascular disease categories, and the regression coefficients--when significant--were higher than those for total mortality. The results indicated a possible threshold for ozone levels, but a similar result for particulate levels was not apparent.
Age Factors↗
Dysplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma: sensitivity of digital subtraction hepatic arteriography with whole liver explant correlation.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to determine the sensitivity of hepatic digital subtraction arteriography (DSA) for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and dysplastic nodules (DNs) when compared with pathological findings from whole liver explants. METHOD: Twenty-one patients 30-72 years old (mean 54 years) with cirrhosis and known or clinically suspected HCC (20 prior to chemoembolization) underwent hepatic DSA with subsequent transplantation within 80 days (mean 32 days). The prospective DSA report was compared with pathologic findings from explanted livers. RESULTS: Overall, DSA detected 31 of 95 HCC lesions for a sensitivity of 33%. Of these 31 lesions, 28 were hypervascular and 3 were hypovascular. DSA detected all six HCCs measuring >5 cm, all six HCCs measuring 3-5 cm, and all five HCCs 2-3 cm, resulting in a sensitivity of 100% (17/17) for HCC >2 cm. DSA detected 7 of 18 HCCs measuring 1-2 cm (sensitivity 39%) and 7 of 60 HCCs < or =1 cm (sensitivity 12%). Overall sensitivity for DSA in detection of HCC < or =2 cm was 18% (14/78 lesions). None of 17 DNs (0.2-1.5 cm in size) was identified on DSA. CONCLUSION: DSA is insensitive to small HCC (< or =2 cm), carcinomatosis arising within nodules, and DN.
Adult↗
Cardiotonic effects of anthopleurin-A, a polypeptide from a sea anemone.
The positive inotropic effect of anthopleurin-A (AP-A) was studied in vitro on isolated cat heart papillary muscles and in vivo in anesthetized and conscious dogs. In vitro, in low Ca2+ solution (1.27 mM), AP-A increased the force of contractions of isolated cat heart papillary muscles at concentrations from 0.2 x 10(-8) M and higher; on a molar basis, AP-A was more than 200 times as potent as digoxin and on a weight basis, 33 times as potent. In vivo in anesthetized dogs, AP-A at 0.2 microgram/kg/min i.v. increased myocardial contractile force; the geometric mean dose of AP-A required to increase the contractile force by 25% was 2.6 micrograms/kg; the corresponding dose of digoxin (infused at 2.8 micrograms/kg/min) was 107.4 micrograms/kg. The geometric mean lethal dose of AP-A for 8 dogs was 19.3 and that of digoxin 263.2 micrograms/kg i.v. The therapeutic index of AP-A was significantly higher than that of digoxin. All animals that received either AP-A or digoxin died in ventricular fibrillation. The reversal of t-wave was typical for AP-A. As measured by left ventricular pressure telemetry, AP-A, 2 micrograms/kg i.v. single dose, increased LV dp/dt max in conscious dogs for longer than 2 hr.
Animals↗
Responses to amrinone in isolated cardiac muscles from cat, rabbit, and guinea pig.
Amrinone (10(-5)-10(-2) M) produced a positive inotropic response in several electrically stimulated, isolated cardiac muscle preparations. The order of potencies for amrinone in the tissues studied was: cat papillary muscle greater than rabbit papillary muscle greater than muscle strips from rabbit left atria = guinea pig papillary muscle greater than guinea pig left atria. Amrinone also restored contractility to cat and rabbit papillary muscles which had been partially depolarized with 20 mM K+. The beta-adrenergic antagonists timolol and propranolol partially inhibited these responses in rabbit but not cat papillary muscles. Reserpine pretreatment did not influence the responses to amrinone in any of the preparations studied. In conclusion, (a) the cat papillary muscle was the most sensitive preparation to the inotropic effect of amrinone, and (b) in the rabbit papillary muscle, beta-adrenoceptors contribute to the amrinone response but are not solely responsible for the enhanced inotropy.
Aminopyridines↗
Fetal B lymphocyte subpopulations in normal pregnancies.
In 190 pregnancies undergoing cordocentesis for prenatal diagnosis (n = 174) or elective caesarean section (n = 16), fetal peripheral blood B lymphocyte subpopulations were measured using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACScan). The total number of B lymphocytes and polyreactive CD5+ B cells increased exponentially with gestation from respective means of 0.33 x 10(9)/l and 0.25 x 10(9)/l at 17 weeks to a plateau of 0.66 x 10(9)/l and 0.54 x 10(9) at 36 weeks, remaining at that level thereafter. The number of mature CD10- and active CD23+ B lymphocytes increased linearly from a mean of 0.07 x 10(9)/l and 0.11 x 10(9)/l at 17 weeks to 0.24 x 10(9)/l and 0.37 x 10(9)/l, respectively, at 40 weeks. As expected, all B lymphocytes expressed the HLA-DR antigen from as early as 16 weeks gestation. These alterations in specific B lymphocyte subpopulations reflect the pattern of maturation and development of the fetal humoral immune system.
Antigens, CD↗
Initiation of a quality assurance program for social work practice in a teaching hospital.
This first-stage paper describes the steps taken in implementing a quality assurance program. The rationale for writing social work protocols based on medical diagnosis or tasks rather than on psychosocial diagnosis is explained in detail. Protocols for adult rheumatoid arthritis, pediatric cancer, adult discharge planning, and adult nursing home placement are included to demonstrate the result of the medical diagnosis/task approach.
Adult↗
The implications of patient focused care.
There has been an increasing amount of discussion over recent months about patient focused hospitals. This article, the first of two, looks at the background to this concept and how one hospital Trust, the Central Middlesex, set about adapting it to its own needs. The implications for the delivery of patient care and changes in the nurse's role are discussed. Next week, the implementation of care protocols are covered in more detail.
Hospital Units↗
Making sense of cancer.
Nurses caring for patients with cancer do so at varying stages of the disease trajectory from diagnosis to death. Having an understanding of cancer biology, potential causes and classification should enable you to understand the treatment options and to communicate more effectively with patients, their families and friends.
Age Distribution↗
First knight. Interview by Alison Moore.
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Attitude of Health Personnel↗