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Biomedical subjects

G M Barnes

Publications and source records attributed to G M Barnes.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Adolescent perceptions of help-seeking resources for substance abuse.

Adolescent perceptions of help-seeking social resources (e.g., parents, friends, school counselor, clergyman) they would utilize if they were having substance abuse difficulties were investigated for samples of early and middle adolescents. 8 different perceived help-seeking categories were identified, and intergroup comparisons were made with regard to gender and ethnic/racial group and with regard to alcohol consumption, substance-related problems, and school misconduct. 2 perceived help-seeking categories had the highest levels of problem behaviors. The first category consisted of adolescents who identified friends as the only social resource they would utilize if they were having substance abuse problems. The second category, referred to as social isolates, indicated that they would not utilize any social resource if they were having substance abuse problems. There were approximately twice as many male social isolates as female social isolates, and blacks and Hispanics were highly overrepresented in the social isolate category.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Drinking among subgroups in the adult population of New York State: a classification analysis using CART.

Using data from a representative sample of 5,952 adults in New York State, CART (Classification and Regression Trees) methodology was used to classify abstainers and drinkers according to interactions among 10 sociodemographic characteristics. A CART analysis classifying abstainers versus drinkers selected income at $25,000 for the initial split with high rates of drinking among higher income individuals. Low rates of drinking were shown for low income women with less than a high school education. A second CART analysis was performed for drinkers only, revealing a number of subgroups of heavier drinkers, including non-Jewish, non-Oriental men under 35 years old and never-married or divorced minority women over the age of 24.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Prediction of adults' drinking patterns from the drinking of their parents.

While studies have shown relationships between adolescent and parental drinking patterns, it is not known if these parental influences are maintained when the children are adults and further removed from early influences. A representative general population sample of 6,364 adults living in New York State were interviewed regarding their current drinking as well as about their family structure and the drinking patterns of their parents while they were growing up. A logit modeling analysis revealed that natural father's drinking while growing up, natural mother's drinking while growing up, family structure (father present or not) and sex of the respondent were all significant predictors of current heavy drinking of adults even while controlling for all of the other variables in the model. It is concluded that early family influences may have long-term consequences on drinking behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Causal models of adolescent substance use: an examination of gender differences using distribution-free estimators.

On the basis of previous literature (Hays, Widaman, DiMatteo, & Stacey, 1987; Huba, Wingard, & Bentler, 1981), four alternative causal models of substance use were specified, estimated, and evaluated for adequacy of statistical fit for samples of White male (N = 9,164) and female (N = 8,421) adolescents. Results supported the adequacy of a four-variable simplex model, in which alcohol use predicted marijuana use, and marijuana use predicted enhancer and dampener hard drug use. The four-variable simplex model was robust across the male and female adolescent samples. In addition, we found comparisons of maximum likelihood and asymptotically distribution-free estimators to be relatively robust across the causal models specified with respect to the magnitude of the parameter estimates, and with respect to the significance levels of the critical ratios, although chi-square model fit statistics for the maximum likelihood estimates were highly inflated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Similarities and differences in correlates of alcohol consumption and problem behaviors among male and female adolescents.

This study examined similarities and differences in correlates of alcohol consumption and problem behaviors among a random household sample of male and female adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17. Several similarities emerged between the two gender groups which were consistent with previous research, including a pattern of convergence among the variables of alcohol consumption, times drunk in the last year, and delinquent behavior; the salience of the peer context in alcohol-related behavior; and high associations between reasons, or motives, for drinking and alcohol consumption and problem behaviors. With respect to reasons for drinking, excitement-seeking, or pleasurable, reasons were highly related to outcome variables. Gender differences were reported for relationships between two indices of affective functioning, namely distress symptoms and escapist, tension-reducing reasons for drinking, and outcome variables related to delinquent behavior, school functioning, and aspects of self-concept. These differences are discussed with respect to possible differential socialization experiences among males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Youthful smoking: patterns and relationships to alcohol and other drug use.

Smoking patterns were examined in a large sample of New York State junior and senior high school students. Smoking was more prevalent among girls than boys. Whites were smoking more than members of minority groups. Marijuana use was the best single predictor of whether a student smoked or not. Heavy drinking was the best predictor of quantity smoked among smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Alcohol use among adolescent minority groups.

Drinking and drug use in a sample of minority students in the state of New York were studied. Minority groups were compared with White groups and with each other on the prevalence of drinking and heavy drinking, distribution of quantity of consumption, relationship between drinking and social problems, and relationship between drinking and drug use. There are high proportions of heavy drinkers and drug users among American Indian adolescents. Black students are relatively low in alcohol and drug use in comparison to Hispanics and Whites who have intermediate levels of heavy drinking and drug use. The drinking by Oriental youths is unique in that males drink heavily and females are light drinkers. Those groups with the highest proportion of drinkers also have the highest proportion of heavy drinkers. The groups with the most drinking also have the highest prevalence of drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Family factors in adolescent alcohol and drug abuse.

Family structure, parental socialization practices and peer involvement were examined for their influence on alcohol-related problems, illicit drug use and other deviant behavior among a high school sample of adolescents. Parental support, specific parental guidelines for adolescent behaviors and parental attitudes toward drinking were found to be significant predictors of all three problem behavior outcomes. Conflict between parent and peer attitudes also was found to have a significant impact on substance abuse and other problem behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Patterns and predictors of alcohol use among 7-12th grade students in New York State.

A survey was conducted to determine prevalence and patterns in the use of alcohol and other substances among 7-12th grade students in New York State. Of this representative sample of 27,335 secondary school students, 71% are drinkers and 13% are heavy drinkers, i.e., they drink at least once a week and typically consume 5 or more drinks per occasion. White and American Indian students have higher rates of drinking and of heavy drinking than do Hispanic, Black, West Indian and Oriental students. The rates of drinking in New York State are higher than those reported in recent national surveys of adolescents. The heavy drinking student can be characterized by frequent school misconduct, first becoming drunk at an early age, having a greater number of friends who get drunk weekly, parental approval of drinking, poor grades in school, being an older adolescent, and being male and White.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Signs and symptoms of hangover: prevalence and relationship to alcohol use in a general adult population.

The post-intoxication state, commonly called hangover, has been known since antiquity; yet there has been little systematic research examining the signs and symptoms of hangover among the general population. The frequency and the various symptoms of hangovers, as well as the relationships between hangovers and alcohol consumption, were analyzed using a sample of 1041 adults 18 years and older living in Western New York State. Hangovers were experienced in the previous year by only about 50% of the population of heavier drinkers; the frequency was even less among those with lower alcohol consumption. Factor analysis of the various symptoms revealed significant clusters. The findings suggest that the aversive aspects of alcohol consumption, including the hangover syndrome, may deter excessive consumption; certain individuals in whom aversive reactions as hangover do not occur may be at high risk for excessive alcohol use.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The relationship between alcohol use and other drug use among New York State college students.

A questionnaire dealing with alcohol and drug use was administered to a representative sample of 7723 New York State undergraduate students. Those students who were heavy drinkers were also more likely to use tobacco, marijuana, and other drugs. Factor analysis revealed patterns of use of four distinct types of drugs: "party" drugs, medical sedatives, inhalants, and psychedelic drugs. Users of party drugs were typically male, white and American-born. Sedative users were typically female, white and older students. Inhalant users were typically male, while psychedelic drug users tended to be white Americans of either sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Acohol use among older persons: findings from a Western New York State general population survey.

This report on the drinking patterns of older persons is based upon a cross-sectional probability sample of 1,041 adults aged 18 years or older living in Erie and Niagara Counties in Western New York State. The rates of drinking, heavy drinking, and alcohol-related problems were considerably lower among persons aged 60 or older than among those aged 50--59 (approaching old age), or among those aged 18--49 (the younger comparison group). Although heavy drinking was almost nonexistent among the elderly women, sizable proportions of the older men (e.g., about a quarter of the men in the 60--69 age group) were heavy drinkers. Previous reports concluding that the stresses of aging, such as widowhood and retirement, are associated with increased problem drinking were not confirmed in this study. More definitive, longitudinal research is needed to develop a better understanding of the relationships between drinking patterns and the aging process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Relationship between lymphocyte response to tetanus toxoid and age of lymphocyte donor.

An investigation of the in vitro responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to tetanus toxoid was undertaken to determine the extent to which such reactivity might reflect in vivo reactions to tetanus toxoid immunization. It was found that lymphocyte transformation in the presence of tetanus toxoid, as measured by the uptake of tritiated thymidine, did not differ significantly for the group giving local or systemic reactions to tetanus toxoid and an immune control group. However, a striking inverse relation between lymphocyte reactivity to tetanus toxoid and age of the cell donors of both groups became clear. Such an age-related decline in the in vitro responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to a specific antigen has apparently had not been reported previously in man.

Adult↗