Respiratory Exchange in Fresh Water Fish: Part V. On Eels.
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Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
G King
Publications and source records attributed to G King.
The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: a summary of a Congress Series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBN, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society.
This review summarises the results and discussions of an UNESCO-MCBN supported symposium on oxidative stress and its role in the onset and progression of diabetes. There is convincing experimental and clinical evidence that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROI) is increased in both types of diabetes and that the onset of diabetes is closely associated with oxidative stress. Nevertheless there is controversy about which markers of oxidative stress are most reliable and suitable for clinical practice. There are various mechanisms that contribute to the formation of ROI. It is generally accepted that vascular cells and especially the endothelium become one major source of ROI. An important role of oxidative stress for the development of vascular and neurological complications is suggested by experimental and clinical studies. The precise mechanisms by which oxidative stress may accelerate the development of complications in diabetes are only partly known. There is however evidence for a role of protein kinase C, advanced glycation end products (AGE) and activation of transcription factors such as NF kappa B, but the exact signalling pathways and the interactions with ROI remain a matter of discussion. Additionally, results of very recent studies suggest a role for ROI in the development of insulin resistance. ROI interfere with insulin signalling at various levels and are able to inhibit the translocation of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane. Evidence for a protective effect of antioxidants has been presented in experimental studies, but conclusive evidence from patient studies is missing. Large-scale clinical trials such as the DCCT Study or the UKPDS Study are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of antioxidants in diabetic patients and their potential to reduce the medical and socio-economic burden of diabetes and its complications.
Animals↗
Smoking behavior among French and American women.
BACKGROUND: This paper presents an analysis of the sociodemographic factors related to cigarette smoking prevalence and the number of cigarettes smoked daily among nationally representative samples of 18- to 64-year-old French (n = 1,956) and American (n = 20,234) women. METHODS: This analysis combines 2 separate years (1992 and 1993) of data collected by the National Health Interview Survey in the United States and the Comité Francais d'Education pour la Santé in France. Weighted data analysis of the effects of age, employment status, education, and socioprofessional status was conducted using both SPSS and the SUDAAN complex sample survey analysis program. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking among French female smokers was significantly higher than among American women (30.8% vs 26.3%) and particularly among the younger age groups. However, the average number of cigarettes smoked per day was appreciably and significantly lower for French women (12.3) than for American women (18.2). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant interaction terms differentiating the impact of marital status, age, and education on the smoking status of French and American women, as well as the sociodemographic determinants of the number of cigarettes smoked. Education was inversely related to smoking among American women but positively associated with the smoking behavior of French women. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the smoking behavior of French and American women support the view that sociodemographic factors do not affect the smoking behavior of women in Western industrialized countries similarly and reinforce the importance of international public health measures targeting the increasing rate of smoking among women.
Adolescent↗
Immunocytochemical study of Peyer's patches follicular-associated epithelium in the marsupial, Didelphis albiventris.
The lack of probes defining leukocyte subpopulations has restricted ontogenetic studies of the opossum gut. We report for the first time the organization of the gut cellular immune components using species cross-reactive antibodies. Mouse monoclonal antibodies against human HLA-DR were used together with immunocytochemistry to demonstrate MHC class II-like antigens in the opossum Peyer's patches (PP). Positive staining was obtained in the M cell and enterocytes comprising the follicular-associated epithelium (FAE). Rabbit polyclonal antibody against human CD3 stained opossum thymocytes and T-cell dependent areas of spleen, lymph node, and PP interfollicular zones, but failed to stain intraepithelial lymphocytes in the FAE. In contrast rabbit polyclonal antibody against human IgA stained B-cell immunocytes and plasma cells present in the M-cell lateral invaginations. It is surmised that B-cell activation could occur in the opossum M-cell niches by thymus independent antigens, bypassing T-helper-cell function.
Animals↗
Anti-Kell (K1) in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
A transiently occurring anti-Kell antibody was observed in a 2 1/2-year-old child who had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after recovery from an upper respiratory tract infection. The antibody was probably of the IgM class. There was no history of prior blood transfusion.
Agglutination Tests↗
Enhancement of liposome-mediated gene transfer to human airway epithelial cells by replication-deficient adenovirus.
We hypothesized that replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad), when complexed with plasmid DNA (pl) and cationic liposomes (L), would enhance liposome-mediated gene transfer in cultured human airway epithelial cells. Pl/L/Ad complexes were formed using charge-charge interactions. A gel electrophoresis retardation assay showed plasmid DNA to be associated with the virus in a high-molecular-weight, low-mobility complex, the diameter of which was 300 to 350 nm. Compared to pl/L alone, pl/L/Ad enhanced luciferase expression on average by 1 log-fold in human airway epithelial cells which express either mutant or wild-type cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Transgene expression was sustained at high levels for up to 7 days following transfection with pl/L/Ad. Using a heat-stable alkaline phosphatase reporter gene, we showed that a larger fraction of cells was transfected by pl/L/Ad compared to pl/L. Finally, cells were exposed to Ad for 0 to 24 hours prior to pl/L or exposed to pl/L prior to Ad. We found that enhancement was significantly greater using pl/L/Ad compared to the simultaneous addition of Ad with the pl/L complexes. In addition, when pl/L was added 4 to 24 hours prior to Ad, some enhancement was found, suggesting that plasmid DNA remained in a compartment in the cell for several hours and became available for transcription with the addition of Ad. When Ad was added prior to pl/L, enhancement was found suggesting that the effect of the virus on cell membranes may persist for up to 24 hours. We conclude that the tripartite pl/L/Ad complex significantly enhances liposome-mediated transgene expression for a prolonged period of time in human bronchial epithelial cells.
Adenoviridae↗
Quantitative GC-MS analysis of D(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in fiber hemp varieties.
A sensitive and specific method for the determination of total available D(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in fiber hemp varieties is described. The method was used for the regulatory purposes in which the detection of higher than the maximum allowed concentration of the psychoactive cannabinoid, D(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, in industrial fiber hemp would result in cancellation of the grower's license. Cannabinoids were extracted from dry leaf powder into hexane containing internal standard chrysene-d(12) using sonication. D(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol in the extract was separated by gas chromatography and quantitated by mass spectroscopy. A linear calibration range extending to 40 ppm and a limit of detection of 0.2 ng were obtained by using the total ion current mode of detection.
Cannabis↗
Genetic evidence for a lethal mutation in Holstein-Friesian cattle.
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Abortion, Veterinary↗
Portage guide to early intervention: cross-cultural aspects and intra-cultural variability.
The issues arising from implementing an early intervention service, developed in the rural United States in the late 1960s in a range of different cultural contexts over a period of a quarter of a century, are explained. Services from India, Bangladesh, Jamaica and the United Kingdom are compared. As well as considering cross-cultural aspects of Portage, variability within one country, the United Kingdom, is considered by comparing one service in an inner-city area and one in a rural area.
Acculturation↗
The effects of methylprednisolone on the complications of coronary artery surgery.
Complications of coronary artery surgery were analyzed in a prospective controlled study of 150 patients, one group receiving methylprednisolone before temporary cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient population was comparable in both the groups. The number of deaths were the same in both the groups, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias were definitely lower in the Solu-Medrol group. Cerebral vascular accidents were higher in the control group and there were none in the drug treated group. Incidences of pulmonary embolism was reduced by the drug. Oxygen consumption by the tissues was higher in the Solu-Medrol treated group. There were no known complications of the drug, such as stress ulcer and infection. One patient did receive prophylactic antibiotics. Solu-Medrol was deliberately given in patients who were known to have uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. Post-operative bleeding in patients with duodenal ulcer was not noted. This could be explained due to the short acting nature of Solu-Medrol. We feel that Solu-Medrol does minimize serious sequelae of heart-lung machine in coronary artery surgery.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
Immunocytochemical demonstration of calcitonin in the Didelphis albiventris thyroid.
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Animals↗
The varying standards of mobile medical team equipment held by London hospitals.
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Ambulances↗
Institutional racism and the medical/health complex: a conceptual analysis.
Presented in this paper is a theoretical framework for understanding and applying the concept of institutional racism to the medical/health care system. Medicine and health are viewed as vital social institutions that reflect the norms, values and social stratification systems of the larger society. Institutional or systemic patterns of racism are legitimated and promulgated through accepted standards, criteria, and organizational processes within the medical health complex that have the effect of discriminating against the minority group. It is maintained that racism is manifested (overtly or covertly) through history, ideology, community relations, research, education and the professions, and differential treatment. Focusing on investigators who have conducted studies of "racial bias" in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease, the author discusses some of the shortcomings of this research, from an institution racism perspective. Differential treatment researchers are encouraged to include social theory as part of their analysis and to explain the practical significance of their findings for the equitable delivery of health care. It is suggested that, because of wider structural changes occurring in American society, issues related to racism within medical and health institutions will become increasingly more important.
Coronary Disease↗
Human ocular aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes: distribution and properties as major soluble proteins in cornea and lens.
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes (ALDHs; EC 1.2.1.3) exhibit very high levels of activity in anterior eye tissues. Human corneal ALDH1 and ALDH3 isozymes are present as major soluble proteins (3% and 5%, respectively, of corneal soluble protein) and may play major roles in protecting the cornea against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced tissue damage, as well as contributing directly to ultraviolet B (UV-B) photoreception. The human lens exhibits high levels of ALDH1 activity (1-2% of lens-soluble protein) and lower levels of ALDH3 activity. Kinetic analyses support a role for these enzymes in the metabolism of peroxidic aldehydes, which have been reported in ocular tissues.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗