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Biomedical subjects

G Hayward

Publications and source records attributed to G Hayward.

34 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Fatal home accidents--a product database.

A computer-based "Home Accident Deaths Database" has been developed to permit analysis of the consumer products and articles or features of the home involved in fatal domestic accidents in England and Wales. It makes use of information already recorded for other purposes, which is either manually coded or converted by computer to a standard format. Rapid interrogation and analysis (in the form of tables or easily readable case listings) is possible, and the format of the database permits direct comparison with statistics for nonfatal hospital-treated accidents recorded by the Home Accident Surveillance System. Such comparison reveals considerable differences between the products and articles most frequently involved in fatal accidents and those most common in nonfatal cases, so that neither provides an adequate indication of hazards on its own. There are some limitations, including a variation in the level of detail recorded between different types of accident, less than perfect matching of sources for deaths in fires, and a long delay in getting cases onto the database, but with the experience that has now been gained it is hoped to develop a new reporting system that will overcome these problems and will, additionally, cover "leisure" accidents.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1981

Retinal chromophore of rhodopsin photoisomerizes within picoseconds.

A new picosecond resonance Raman technique shows that resonance Raman lines characteristic of a distorted all-trans retinal appear within 30 picoseconds after photolysis of rhodopsin or isorhodopsin. This finding suggests that isomerization is nearly complete within picoseconds of the absorption of a photon.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Automobile inspection and maintenance programs: their role in reducing air pollution.

The development of Inspection and Maintenance Programs to control automobile emissions are one component of a comprehensive strategy to reduce automobile related air pollutants such as CO, NOX, and HC. Since the efficiency at which most motored vehicles are designed to limit pollutant emissions deteriorate with prolonged driving, an Inspection and Maintenance system is needed to restore the ability of the automobile to achieve its designed emission standards. Several types of approaches toward developing Inspection and Maintenance Programs in the U.S. including city, county, and state levels of organization and their effectiveness have been described. However, information on the efficiency of these approaches in achieving reductions in pollutant levels remain to be documented, as well as the cost effectiveness of such programs, and their acceptance by the public. In light of the important role that Inspection and Maintenance Programs have been projected to have in the U.S. in reducing automobile related air pollution, it is recommended that interdisciplinary research projects evaluating the multiple dimensions of Inspection and Maintenance Programs be initiated.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1969

Long-term results of aortic valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards valve.

Review of the 74 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with a Starr-Edwards ball-valve prosthesis between October 1963 and December 1967 showed that 16 died during surgery or within the first month after operation, usually owing to myocardial failure; and there were nine late deaths. The remaining patients developed few major complications, and the long-term results of operation are considered satisfactory, no patient being grossly incapacitated and most of them are leading active, symptom-free lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diffusable growth factors induce bladder smooth muscle differentiation.

Bladder smooth muscle differentiation is dependent on the presence of bladder epithelium. Previously, we have shown that direct contact between the epithelium and bladder mesenchyme (BLM) is necessary for this interaction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that bladder smooth muscle can be induced via diffusable growth factors. Fourteen-day embryonic rat bladders were separated into bladder mesenchyme (prior to smooth muscle differentiation) and epithelium by enzymatic digestion and microdissection. Six in vitro experiments were performed with either direct cellular contact or no contact (1) 14-d embryonic bladder mesenchyme (BLM) alone (control), (Contact) (2) 14-d embryonic bladders intact (control), (3) 14-d embryonic bladder mesenchyme combined with BPH-1 cells (an epithelial prostate cell line) in direct contact, (4) 14-d embryonic bladder mesenchyme with recombined bladder epithelium (BLE) in direct contact, (No Contact) (5) 14-d embryonic bladder mesenchyme with BPH-1 prostatic epithelial cells cocultured in type 1 collagen gel on the bottom of the well, and (6) 14-d embryonic bladder mesenchyme with BPH-1 epithelium cultured in a monolayer on a transwell filter. In each case the bladder tissue was cultured on Millicell-CM 0.4-microm membranes for 7 d in plastic wells using serum free medium. Growth was assessed by observing the size of the bladder organoids in histologic cross section as well as the vertical height obtained in vitro. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue explants was performed to assess cellular differentiation with markers for smooth muscle alpha-actin and pancytokeratin to detect epithelial cells. Control (1) bladder mesenchyme grown alone did not exhibit growth or smooth muscle and epithelial differentiation. Contact experiments (2) intact embryonic bladder, (3) embryonic bladder mesenchyme recombined with BPH-1 cells, and (4) embryonic bladder mesenchyme recombined with urothelium each exhibited excellent growth and bladder smooth muscle and epithelial differentiation. Both noncontact experiments (5) and (6) exhibited growth as well as bladder smooth muscle and epithelial differentiation but to a subjectively lesser degree than the contact experiments. Direct contact of the epithelium with bladder mesenchyme provides the optimal environment for growth and smooth muscle differentiation. Smooth muscle growth and differentiation can also occur without direct cell to cell contact and is not specific to urothelium. This data supports the hypothesis that epithelium produces diffusable growth factors that induce bladder smooth muscle.

Animals↗