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Biomedical subjects

G C Frank

Publications and source records attributed to G C Frank.

44 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Dietary studies and the relationship of diet to cardiovascular disease risk factor variables in 10-year-old children--The Bogalusa Heart Study.

A dietary study of 10-year-old children was incorporated into a larger epidemiological survey investigating the distributions, interrelationships, and course-over-time of arteriosclerosis risk factor variables in children. Food intakes, eating patterns, and diet-risk factor interrelationships are described for 185 children (35% black, 65% white) using an improved 24-hr dietary recall method. Protein intakes were high. The polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio averaged 0.4 and a sucrose-to-starch proportion of 1.1 was noted. Eggs were the main food source of cholesterol and milk was the prime source of saturated fatty acids and protein. Black girls had a significantly greater mean sodium intake than the three other sex-race groups. Intermittent snacks provided the most calories; breakfast and dinner contributed most of the day's cholesterol, and lunch was the prime source of lactose and calcium. Longer eating spans reflected significantly greater intakes of calories, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and sodium, and greater levels of total serum cholesterol. A lack of correlations was noted in large matrices of dietary components and risk factor variables, but results of the comparison of mean intakes of dietary components for children grouped according to serum cholesterol showed significant differences in the intakes of various forms of fat and carbohydrate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Adapting the 24-hr. recall for epidemiologic studies of school children.

Chemical analysis of food actually eaten would be the most accurate method for analyzing the diets of children, but this technique is not feasible for most nutrition staffs. An improved 24-hr. dietary recall can be used by a small, well trained staff to collect more reliable data on a large number of school children. Vigilant monitoring of school lunch operations, incorporation of known recipes in the ETNV, and organizing probing techniques are necessary to insure the reliability of the tool. The low coefficients of variation of duplicate recalls noted in the study indicate that the error of measurement between interviewers is small, if the tool is carefully tested and sophisticated before use in the field and if observers are carefully trained by a written protocol.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary factors relate to cardiovascular risk factors in early life. Bogalusa Heart Study.

Relationships between diet and cardiovascular disease risk factors were studied in a cohort of infants in Bogalusa, Louisiana. The 24-hour dietary recalls and cardiovascular measurements were obtained on each child at age 6 months, yearly through age 4, and again at age 7 (cardiovascular measurements only). At ages 4 and 7, children with persistently high intakes of dietary cholesterol (three or more measurements in the upper tertile) had levels of serum total cholesterol approximately 14 mg/dl higher than children whose intakes of cholesterol were not persistently high. Children in the upper tertile for dietary cholesterol had levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (15 mg/dl at age 4 and 18 mg/dl at age 7) higher than children in the lower tertile for dietary cholesterol. Children with high intakes of animal fat were 2 to 6 kg heavier (p less than 0.05) than those with lower intakes. Changes in dietary cholesterol correlated significantly with changes in serum total cholesterol (r = 0.42) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.50) from 6 months to 4 years of age. Changes in subscapular skinfold measurements correlated significantly with changes in intake of total protein (r = 0.31), total fat (r = 0.25), starch (r = 0.31), and energy (r = 0.39) from ages 6 months to 4 years. Results indicate that tracking of dietary components and their relationships with cardiovascular disease risk factors can be detected at an early age. These findings may well be the groundwork for later studies of obesity and the early onset of hyperlipoproteinemia.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A model of intervention for prevention of early essential hypertension in the 1980s.

The onset of essential hypertension early in life is indicated by the high tracking of blood pressure during adolescence; intervention in adults with mild hypertension has been found successful. How, then, can high blood pressure levels in children be modified to prevent early hypertensive cardiovascular disease in adulthood? In an entire biracial town (population 9000) we surveyed 1604 (89%) of all children aged 8--18 years for blood pressure and reexamined those in the upper decile of mean blood pressure (for each race, sex, and height) on three additional occasions. On each examination nine blood pressures were taken by trained observers. All children consistently in the top decile were randomly allocated into either a treatment (n = 50) or comparison (n = 50) group. These two groups and an additional midrange blood pressure comparison group (n = 50) were followed regularly using school facilities including community and school programs. Treatment consisted of 1) dietary guidance; 2) modifications of school lunches and snacks with healthy substitutes; 3) parental involvement; 4) a low dose diuretic and beta-antagonist given by usual standards. All study groups were monitored for blood pressure in a blind manner. In 6 months of observation, blood pressure in the treatment group remained 5 and 3 mm Hg (systolic and diastolic) less than controls (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01). An orchestrated community-wide attack on early-stage hypertension is feasible and seems to offer exciting potential for prevention of early hypertensive disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hemoglobin levels and dietary iron in pubescent children in a biracial community.

Although differences in hemoglobin levels between blacks and whites may be due in part to genetic influences, low hemoglobin levels in black girls of childbearing age may nevertheless constitute a health hazard. To study this problem, hemoglobin levels were examined in children of a biracial community not only before but also during and after puberty and menarche. At the same time, 24-hour dietary recalls of a representative group of 13-year-olds in the same population were examined with respect to the intake of iron and nutrients influencing iron absorption. In black girls, hemoglobin levels dropped after menarche, accompanied by a diet marginal in iron and in iron-absorption-promoting nutrients. Questions as to hemoglobin levels compatible with optimum health remain, and racial differences and genetic influences on levels should not be an excuse for failure to address this problem. More investigational studies are also needed to observe responses to an optimum dietary iron intake.

Adolescent↗