Biomedical subjects

G C Frank

Publications and source records attributed to G C Frank.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Macronutrient intakes of 10-year-old children, 1973 to 1982.

Diets of four groups of 10-year-old children (no. = 871) from a biracial community were examined to document eating patterns and to note temporal trends in energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intakes. A 24-hour dietary recall method, incorporating numerous quality controls, was adapted for interviewing children. Protein provided 13%, fat 38%, and carbohydrate 49% of calories. Few racial differences in eating patterns were detected. Boys had higher energy intakes than girls, but after diets were adjusted per 1,000 kcal, no other sex differences in intake were found. Snacks yielded roughly one-third of daily energy intake, one-fifth of the day's protein, one-third of the fat, and two-fifths of the total carbohydrate intake. Density of macronutrients within the children's diets was consistent over time. Diets of children in the Bogalusa study typify the American eating pattern and are comparable with those found in major national surveys.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1986

Guidelines for selecting a dietary analysis system.

Microcomputers provide an effective and efficient method for dietary data management and analysis. Since the selection of an appropriate software system is a confusing task, prospective users must have a clear statement of needs. Selection of software is simplified when specific data management tasks are defined. This article provides a model for listing dietary analysis needs and priorities. Sample dietary analysis tasks are listed for five areas of responsibility. Prospective users should consider the following characteristics for each system: validity of the data base, soundness of the program's internal operating procedures, clear and complete documentation, an easy-to-read computer output, and credibility of the developer. Characteristics that may vary in importance depending on the user's situation include ability to alter the data base, standard operating procedures, output features, and service policies. By looking carefully at needs and matching needs to available systems, dietitians can apply sophisticated dietary data management and analysis techniques to the nutrition needs of their clients.

Computers↗

PubMed1985

Dietary trends of 10- and 13-year-old children in a biracial community--the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Dietary intakes of two cross-sectional cohorts of 10-year-old children were collected in 1973 and 1976 to examine dietary trends over time. A longitudinal sample of the initial 1973 cohort examined at both 10 and 13 years of age identified changes in patterns and aging effect on intake. Significantly higher energy, total protein, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were noted for both 10- and 13-year-olds in 1976 compared with the 1973 sample. Saturated fat intake per 1,000/kcal was significantly lower but polyunsaturated fat was significantly higher per 1,000/kcal for the second 10-year-old group. Boys consumed more energy, protein, saturated fat, cholesterol, and iron than did girls. A sex X age interaction was noted for energy, sucrose, starch, and potassium, with boys ingesting more at 13 than at 10 years. A race X age interaction occurred for sodium, with black children having higher levels than white children at 10 but not at 13 years. Statistically significant correlations were noted between intake at 10 and 13 years of age for protein, cholesterol, and potassium for boys. Eighty-five percent of all children exceeded the protein Recommended Dietary Allowance. Over half the children exceeded the maximum recommended sodium range; potassium intakes were low. Excessive intakes of saturated fat, sucrose, animal protein, and sodium with low potassium and vegetable protein intakes create a potential health risk, influencing cardiovascular risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: intakes of carbohydrate and fiber in 10- and 13-year-olds.

Dietary intakes of carbohydrate (CHO) and fiber were examined in children randomly selected from a biracial community-Bogalusa, LA. Intakes of CHO per 1,000 kcal were similar for both sexes and both races at ages 10 and 13 years. No group or race differences were found for nine components assessed in two cohorts of 10-year-old children examined three years apart. There were sex differences in sucrose (boys less than girls) and lactose (boys greater than girls) intakes. Comparison of 10- and 13-year-olds examined in 1976 showed a racial difference in fiber and starch intakes (black greater than white). Longitudinal comparisons of a cohort of 148 children examined at both 10 and 13 years showed lower lactose intakes over time. At both ages starch, fiber, and glucose intakes per 1,000 kcal were higher in black children, with higher sucrose/starch ratios in white children. The percent of calories from CHO and sugars was higher in Bogalusa children than values for US adults, but starch intakes were lower. None of the children's intakes was compatible with prudent dietary recommendations. Dietary CHO patterns of Bogalusa children reflect food market trends of increased use of simple CHO and decreased use of complex CHO.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: intakes of vitamins in 10- and 13-year-olds.

Impact of vitamin supplements upon dietary intakes of eight vitamins was examined in 10- and 13-year-old children randomly selected from a biracial community, Bogalusa, LA. More younger children reported taking supplements daily (17%) than did adolescents (12%). Over 90% of the children surveyed had dietary intakes of vitamin E and niacin that met or exceeded the RDA. One-half to two-thirds of children using supplements had adequate intakes of ascorbic acid from diet alone. Children who most needed ascorbic acid supplements were the least likely to take them. One-quarter to one-half of the children did not consume the RDA levels of vitamin A, thiamine, and riboflavin. Adolescents had less adequate vitamin A intakes than younger children. In all surveys, a higher proportion of girls than boys had intakes that did not meet the RDA for vitamins B6 and B12. Vitamin intakes of Bogalusa children and adolescents were comparable to other U.S. surveys. Inclusion of vitamin E and niacin in supplements may be unnecessary.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

A nutrition curriculum for families with high blood pressure.

A nutrition curriculum for 48 students age eight-18 years with high blood pressure was implemented in Franklinton, La., as part of A Dietary/Exercise Alteration Program Trial (ADAPT), a model promoting reduced sodium (Na+) and energy intake and increased potassium (K+) intake. A teacher guide listed basic concepts, teacher and student activities, materials, behavioral outcomes, and evaluation for 12 lessons at three age levels. Games were used to present new information and increase student involvement. Taste-tests promoted attitude change regarding acceptable snacks. Decision-making and assertiveness topics facilitated independent food choices and coping with peers. Self-monitoring of intakes encouraged personal responsibility for eating behavior. Results of paired t-tests showed knowledge increased 8.7% in the spring (p less than 0.01), 4.9% in the summer (N.S.), and 7.3% in the fall (p less than 0.0001). No significant differences in increase in posttest scores by age were found. Comparisons of curriculum compliance with medication use and blood pressure change showed no relationship. A multiple regression analysis of sodium-creatinine (Na+/Cr) ratios on class attendance and posttest scores showed that children with the highest test scores had lower Na+/Cr ratios. This program increased information and skills for those motivated to change lifestyle to control obesity and blood pressure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

A group method for obtaining dietary recalls of children.

A self-administered workbook for dietary assessment in small groups was compared with 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Forty-seven 10- to 18-year-olds, in groups of 5 to 8, recorded consumptions during the previous 24 hours and responded to individual recall interviews. Photographs and names of foods served as probes. Standardized food models were used to estimate portions. Nutritionists calculated gram amounts of foods and beverages consumed and analyzed diets for nutrient intakes. Significantly higher niacin (17.4 mg vs. 15.8 mg, p less than .05) and slightly higher protein, animal protein, carbohydrate, and cholesterol (N.S.) were estimated by the group workbook method. Correlations for individual dietary components ranged from 0.69 to 0.93. Dinner accounted for most differences, with statistically greater mean intakes of nine dietary components shown by the workbook method. Thirty-four dinner foods (8%) were not listed in common by the two methods. Sixty-six foods (15%) listed by the two methods had differing gram amounts. Improvements should include increased parental verification of the evening meal, additional training with food models, and periodic rest sessions. The workbook method may expand the time frame studied per individual and increase the number of eating periods examined. Replicate examinations per individual provide measurement of intra-individual variation. This method has applications in studies for which large samples or repeated measures are required.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Black-white contrasts as determinants of cardiovascular risk in childhood: precursors of coronary artery and primary hypertensive diseases.

Atherosclerosis and hypertension begin in childhood. Studies of children have identified black-white differences in anthropometric, hormonal, enzymatic, and renal mechanisms related to the development of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Black children have greater body density, higher blood pressure, and higher serum total cholesterol, alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin levels, whereas white children have a higher percentage of body fat, a faster heart rate, and higher hemoglobin, serum triglyceride, pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma renin, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase levels. At puberty, white male children have decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and increased low-density lipoprotein/HDL ratios. Black children have lower urinary K+ excretion and demonstrate natriuresis when K+ is administered orally. These black-white contrasts provide clues for studying disease development early in life. Rational approaches to primary prevention of atherosclerosis and hypertension may require a diversity of strategies because of these black-white differences.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1984

Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: intakes of fat and fatty acids in 10- and 13-year olds.

Dietary intakes of fat and fatty acids were examined in children randomly selected from a biracial community, Bogalusa, LA. Between two 10-yr-old groups examined 3 yr apart, temporal trends of 1) higher intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acids, and 2) lower intakes of animal fat, saturated fatty acids, and palmitic acid were documented. No racial differences were found, and the only difference between sexes was for myristic acid (boys greater than girls). Longitudinal comparisons of a cohort of 148 children examined at both 10 and 13 yr showed higher intakes over time of unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vegetable fat, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, and lower intakes of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, animal fat, and myristic acid. The percentage of energy intake from fat, saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was quite similar to other reports of US children and adults. Few children's intakes of cholesterol, fat, and fatty acids were compatible with current recommendations for prudent diets. Patterns of dietary fat and fatty acid intake of Bogalusa children reflect reported food market trends of increased use of vegetable fats.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Effect of interviewer recording practices on nutrient intake--Bogalusa Heart Study.

Recording practices of interviewers who independently collected dietary recalls from children for the same 24-hour eating period were analyzed. For each duplicate pair, three aspects of recording were examined: name of foods, quantity assessed from child, and food identification number selected prior to nutrient analysis. There was a 76% agreement on recorded food names. For those matched foods, 87% were assigned the same food identification numbers. Differences regarding quantities of foods were greatest for liquids, meats, and sweets. Recalls were analyzed for nutrient content on the computerized Extended Table of Nutrient Values. A paired t-test statistic showed significant sequence effect, with total energy, sugar, fat, and unsaturated fat higher for the first interview. Significant differences in nutrient intake were noted for the interviewer pair with highest percentage of foods differing by name. After-school snack assessment was the most variable eating occasion. Entry-level criteria for trained interviewers are proposed to establish standardized interviewing techniques when applying the 24-hour recall tool to child respondents.

Child↗

PubMed1984

Comparison of dietary intake by 2 computerized analysis systems.

It is unknown how different calculation procedures for quantitating foods can influence variation in nutrient values. Precision of calculation and transcription, plus a double-checking procedure, is standard Bogalusa Heart Study protocol. These procedures likely would minimize human error. Nevertheless, converting gram weight values for food (BHS) into the closest household measure (NCC) could influence analysis. If calculation procedures are similar, different nutrient values in 2 food composition tables would then account for most variation in results. Consistently lower values for sucrose by the NCC likely reflect the program's carbohydrate rationale, i.e., the classification of total carbohydrate into 3 categories--sucrose, starch, and other. Sucrose may then be underestimated, as the other carbohydrate value "indicates combinations of sugars and/or sugars and starch," such as those found in commercial products. The ETNV total sucrose value is a sum of the naturally occurring sucrose and sucrose added in commercial preparations. For this small sample, the group means of selected nutrients by 2 dietary computer analyses systems are quite similar, with the exception of sucrose. With fairly large standard errors for most components, a large sample might create a statistically significant difference. Periodic comparability checks are essential to document quality and similarity of data bases. Quality control procedures in dietary methodology should be analogous to techniques for physiological and biochemical measures, e.g., the Centers for Disease Control and LRC methods and standards. Low-level correlations observed between dietary intakes and risk factor variables imply no association. Comparison and improvements of data bases are timely and should increase the probability of identifying associations between dietary components and indicators of diseases.

Computers↗

PubMed1983

Relation between ingested potassium and sodium balance in young Blacks and whites.

The relationship of dietary K+ with Na+ balance in young normotensives was studied. A, In two biracial communities, all children with specified age were stratified by blood pressure level. Children from selected strata collected 24-h urines on ambulatory basis and provided fasting blood for electrolytes and creatinine determination. For the upper percentile ranks (n = 160), the Na+ and K+ clearances correlated closer in Blacks than whites (r = 0.7 versus r = 0.4, p less than 0.005 for difference). B, To test for a causal effect of K+ intake on Na+ excretion, six white and eight Black young healthy normotensive volunteers took 80 mEq KCl daily in addition to their usual diets. They collected 24-h ambulatory urine and stool samples for 3 base-line days, and 4 days during K+ supplementation. Na+ and K+ intake was monitored daily. Upon K+ supplementation, Blacks showed natriuresis (p less than 0.01), negative Na+ balance (p less than 0.05), and a cumulative K+ balance more positive than whites (p less than 0.0001 versus p less than 0.05). Dietary K+ enrichment could affect Na+ balance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

A simplified inventory method for quantitating dietary sodium, potassium, and energy.

During an 8-day observation of the effect of K+ supplementation (80 mEq) on Na+ and K+ balance in a biracial sample of young adults (n = 14), a Food Inventory was developed to monitor dietary Na+, K+, and energy intakes. Urine and stool samples provided electrolyte output measures. The Food Inventory reduced heterogeneity of foods consumed and simplified quantitation. It was self-administered and consisted of 10 preselected foods categories, each containing 24 to 40 food items. Energy was higher for whites and for males (p less than 0.10). Both total Na+ intake and Na+ per 1000 kcal were higher for males. A 1.4 Na+/K+ dietary ratio was observed. After K+ supplementation, Na+ balance was negative; a marked natriuresis occurred, being more consistent for Blacks. With K+ supplementation a positive K+ balance occurred and was more evident in Blacks. Significant positive correlations of daily Na+ and K+ intakes with output were observed with higher correlation for K+ than Na+. This dietary assessment method can be useful in metabolic or behavioral studies requiring quantitation of electrolytes and energy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Cardiovascular risk factors in children. Should they concern the pediatrician?

There is evidence that atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and essential hypertension begin early in life. The Bogalusa (La) Heart Study has examined cardiovascular risk factors and their determinants during the pediatric age span in a total community study. Reliable measurements were obtained and then analyzed to identify "tracking" of risk factors over time and clusters or aggregations of various risk factors at high levels. Serum lipoprotein levels, obesity, BP, and plasma insulin levels were all correlated after a glucose load, implying causal interrelationships. Although such relationship are only partly elucidated, the associations potentially enhance premature atherosclerosis. Certain kinds of behavior, for example cigarette smoking and type A behavior, may also contribute to early coronary artery disease. Our observations suggest that practicing physicians should assess risk factors in children and encourage changes in life-style to combat the high incidence of coronary artery disease and essential hypertension in the United States.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

An approach to primary preventive treatment for children with high blood pressure in a total community.

A model designed as primary hypertension prevention for children ranking high in blood pressure, selected from a total population, was applied to a semirural, biracial community. A Dietary/Exercise Alteration Program Trial (ADAPT), in combination with low-dose medication, was tested on 48 children aged 8-18 years who were randomly selected from 100 children consistently in the upper blood pressure decile. The interactive model a) focuses on a major public health problem that is measurable and modifiable, b) outlines a preventive approach to involve children and parents in establishing healthy life styles, and c) converts community limitations into resources. The comprehensive program was developed to support eating and exercise modifications accepted for hypertension treatment without placing children in a sick role. Sodium reduction, weight control, and regular exercise are the life-style changes promoted. Indicators for evaluating development and implementation of ADAPT are presented. The commitment to written pledges, ie, making simple behavioral changes, had a significant inverse association with post-treatment sodium and energy intakes in regression models that included the child's curriculum and physical activity class attendance. ADAPT represents an initial approach for developing primary preventive treatment of early essential hypertension in a pediatric population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Influence of milk source on serum lipids and lipoproteins during the first year of life, Bogalusa heart study.

An epidemiological study of coronary heart disease risk factor variables in a cohort of 440 infants from birth to age 4 was conducted in Bogalusa, LA. This report evaluates differences in serum lipids and lipoproteins and dietary intakes of infants fed various milk or formula types during the 1st year of life. There were significant positive correlations between serum total cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein cholesterol levels and consumption of cow's milk at 6 months of age. The cow's milk-fed infants at 6 months had significantly greater intakes of animal protein and saturated fat as compared to the formula-fed groups. At 1 yr these differences were not found, possibly because of the heterogeneity of the eating patterns of infants by this age. Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels appear to be responsive to concurrent dietary intake of fat and cholesterol in 6-month-old infants.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Serum lipid and lipoprotein in infants and children and their relationship with diet.

A survey of children for cardiovascular risk factor variables has determined serum lipids and lipoproteins on some 5,000 children from birth through adolescence. Dietary studies have been conducted on a selected sample. Considerable variability of the serum lipids and lipoproteins occurs with significant relationships to age, race, and sex. Serum lipoproteins are altered with obesity especially in white children and a correlation of dietary intake of fat by infants and children had been noted with serum lipids and lipoproteins. A consistent ranking over time or tracking of the serum lipids and lipoproteins, especially beta-lipoprotein, occurs, and a clustering of multirisk factors including high levels of serum total cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins can be observed, especially in the older children. The trend toward increasing interrelationship of multirisk factors suggests an increasing environmental impact with age. The relationships of dietary components with risk factor variables are of a low order, even though children are consuming a relatively high fat, high cholesterol, high salt diet. Dietary factors are potentially the major environmental influence on the high incidence of coronary artery disease. The evidence of the relationship of diet to the serum lipid levels in children warrants further investigation in an effort to understand the precise role of diet in the prevention of adult cardiovascular disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Cardiovascular disease risk factor variables during the first year of life.

Cardiovascular risk factor variables were measured in a cohort of 440 infants at birth 6 months, and 1 year of age. Blood pressures at 6 months of age were 93/47 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic pressure, fourth phase) and 97/51 mm Hg at 1 year of age. Serum total cholesterol, beta-lipoprotein, and alpha-lipoprotein levels rose dramatically from birth to 1 year of age. Serum triglycerides also showed an increase from birth to 6 months of age, but a decrease from 6 months to 1 years of age. At 6 months of age, the infants were consuming 949 kcal and at 1 year, 1,356 kcal. A statistically significant correlation between serum cholesterol level and protein, fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrate intake was noted at 1 year of age. These observations provide a background for tracing the evolution of risk factor variables as part of the early natural history of arteriosclerosis.

Anthropometry↗