Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: an alternative.
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
G Bouley
Publications and source records attributed to G Bouley.
Evidence for humoral immunodepression in NO2-exposed mice: influence of food restriction and stress.
The effects of food restriction or 20 ppm NO2 exposure on humoral immunity were investigated in normal and adrenalectomized C57Bl/6 mice. The thymic and splenic weights of sham-operated mice were similarly diminished after 4 days of NO2 exposure or 4 days of food depletion. The responses of corresponding adrenalectomized mice were less depressed. Undernutrition induced lymphoid organ involution and corticosteroids were partly involved. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) per spleen and per 10(6) cells were markedly depressed after 4 days of NO2 exposure, but less so after food deprivation. The same significant suppression of PFC was observed in adrenalectomized groups. Depression of humoral immunity was independent of stress-induced endogenous steroids. Moreover, NO2 had a specific effect on humoral immunodepression, food restriction being an associated factor.
Animals↗
Impaired acquired resistance of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection induced by acute NO2 exposure.
The natural resistance of nonimmunized C57Bl/6 mice to an intraperitoneal Klebsiella pneumoniae challenge was not significantly affected by prior continuous exposure to 20 ppm NO2 for 4 days. In contrast, the acquired resistance of mice immunized just before and infected just after NO2 exposure was seriously impaired. This could not be explained by the loss of appetite (about 30%) observed in NO2 treated mice, for neither the natural nor acquired resistance of control air exposed mice given approximately 70% ad libitum food and water were significantly modified.
Animals↗
Sex-related factors in acute carbon monoxide intoxication in one strain of mice.
In the OF1 mouse strain, males are less resistant than females to acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Castration of males increases their resistance to carbon monoxide. For Neonates injected with four different doses of testosterone (20-500 mg per kg) or oestradiol (2-50 mg per kg), more effect on resistance to carbon monoxide in the (adult) mice was found for oestradiol than for testosterone. Pregnancy decreases resistance to carbon monoxide intoxication. Experiments performed with males and females of different ages, in various societal conditions, show the effects of sex-related dimorphism and aggressiveness. The sex-related difference in carbon monoxide resistance is not modified by a previous hypoxic stress (nitrogen hypoxia, carbon monoxide intoxication, sodium cyanide injection) but is suppressed when the CO intoxication is carried out at a low ambient temperature (13 degrees C).
Animals↗
Natural and acquired resistance of mice to infection by airborne Klebsiella pneumoniae after subchronic intoxication by cadmium administered orally.
Mice daily ingested about 22 mg of cadmium per kg of body weight in drinking water for 30 days. On the 30th day, the liver and kidneys of the mice contained about 18 micrograms of Cd2+ per g of fresh organ. A group of these mice was immunized against Klebsiella pneumoniae using two injections of vaccine, the first on the 7th day and the second on the 14th day of intoxication. On the 28th day, the non-immunized and the immunized mice were infected via a respiratory route by one lethal dose 50% of K. pneumoniae (the LD50 for the immunized mice was 2.4 times higher than the LD50 for the non-immunized mice). Comparison with the non-intoxicated control mice showed that the ingestion of Cd2+ did not significantly modify the natural resistance or the acquired resistance of the mice to the infection by airborne K. pneumoniae.
Animals↗
Sex-related factors in acute hypoxia survival in one strain of mice.
In mice of different ages from the OF1 mouse strain, males are less resistant than females to a normobaric hypoxia obtained in a few hours by a progressive lowering of normoxic PO2 with nitrogen flushing. Injection of estradiol to castrated males and spayed females increases hypoxic survival. Neonates which have been injected with a high dose of estradiol show, when adult, a high hypoxic resistance. In adult females, hypoxic survival is lower during diestrus than during estrus. Pregnancy decreases resistance to hypoxia. Experiments, performed with males and females of different ages, show the effects of sex-related dimorphism and aggressiveness. Hypoxias at various ambient temperatures demonstrate that the sex difference in hypoxic survival persists in spite of variations in rectal temperatures.
Age Factors↗
Influence of inhaled cadmium microparticles on mouse influenza pneumonia.
A study of the effect of inhaled cadmium microparticles (CdO) on the mouse death rate from influenza pneumonia was performed on 936 female specific pathogen-free (SPF) Swiss mice. The test animals received a single short (15 min) exposure to 9 mg Cd/m3 of air (acute exposure), or renewed short exposures to 1 mg/m3 once a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks (chronic exposure). The cadmium found in the trachea-bronchus-lung area was about 5 micrograms/g of fresh tissue at the end of acute exposure, and 4 micrograms/g at the end of chronic exposure. The viral challenge was performed 48 hr after acute exposure, or on the 14th day after the beginning of chronic exposure, the mice being reexposed to Cd for an additional 14 days in the latter case. Surprisingly, the infectious death rate of test mice was significantly lower than that of controls, both for acute and chronic exposure to CdO. These results are discussed.
Aluminum Oxide↗
Effects of sulfur dioxide on resistance to bacterial infection in mice.
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Air Pollutants↗
Opposite effects of inhaled cadmium microparticles on mouse susceptibility to an airborne bacterial and an airborne viral infection.
An experimental study on 489 mice is reported. The test animals were submitted to a single 15-mn exposure to atmosphere containing about 10 mg of cadmium microparticles (CdO) per m3 of air and the controls to an equivalent amount of aluminium microparticles (Al2o3). At the 48th hour after exposures, the test and control mice were submitted to a bacterial (Pasteurella multocida) or to a viral (Orthomyxovirus influenzae A) challenge, via the respiratory route. The exposure to cadmium significantly increased the death-rate of mice submitted to the bacterial challenge, but it significantly decreased the death-rate following the viral challenge.
Air Pollutants↗
[In vitro and in vivo effect of cadmium microparticles on antibody receptors of alveolar macrophage membranes].
Microparticles of cadmium oxide inhibited antibody-mediated rosette formation by Rat alveolar macrophages. After 4 h of contact in vitro, the 50% inhibiting amount of the pollutant, expressed as metal-Cd, was about 6,000 ng per million cells. 48 h after exposure via the respiratory route, 3,000 hg of Cd per gram of rat fresh lung lowered the percentage of rosette-forming macrophages by about 25%.
Animals↗
Effects of short-term inhalation of cadmium oxides on rabbit pulmonary microsomal enzymes.
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Aminopyrine N-Demethylase↗
Effects of nitric oxide on resistance to bacterial infection in mice.
Continuous exposure to 2 ppm nitric oxide (NO) for as long as 4 wk did not reduce the resistance of male mice to infection by aerosol inoculation with Pasteurella multocida. In contrast, mortality was slightly enhanced and survival shortened in NO-exposed compared to control female mice; however, the importance of these small differences is uncertain. These results suggest only that male and female mice did not react similarly to the infectious challenge after exposure to NO.
Animals↗
An improved device for frequency recording of tracheal ciliary beat.
An improved device for frequency recording of cyclic movements on the cellular level is described. The device consists of a modified conventional microscope lit by a laser source, an analyzer comprising a fiber optic transmission system, a photodector, an amplifier, a recorder and a thermostatic equipment, including a thermoprobe. In vitro experiments are reported concerning variation in activity as a function of temperature, with respect to the frequency of ciliary beat in rat ring trachea.
Animals↗
Effects of lead microparticles on the growth characteristics of the BHK21 fibroblast cell line.
BHK21 fibroblastic cells were exposed in vitro to lead microparticles produced by pyrolysis of the organic lead used as an antiknock agent in gasoline. Although non-cytolethal, 10 micrograms of lead/10(6) cells rapidly inhibited cell growth kinetics as well as [3H]thymidine and L-[3H]leucine incorporation by the BHK21 cell line. The growth rate inhibition provoked by chronic exposure to lead microparticles became reversible when the cells were cultured without the microparticulate pollutant. The cloning efficiency of BHK21 cells was impaired by lead concentrations above 1 mg/10(6) cells.
Animals↗
[Effect of lead microparticles introduced into the respiratory system of the sensitivity of mice to Pasteurella multocida infection via aerosol].
Lead microparticles, resulting from the pyrolysis of organic lead used as an anti-knock agent in gasoline, were introduced into the lungs of Mice, during a short single exposure. When 6 microgram of lead were retained in the lungs (mean value per Mouse), the phagocytic ability of the pulmonary alveolar macrophages harvested 6 and 18 hrs. later, was significantly reduced. It was observed, in the same conditions, that the resistance of Mice to experimental infection by aerosolized Pasteurella multocida, was significantly reduced. When 3 microgram of lead were retained in the lungs, there was no significant difference between control and intoxicated Mice.
Aerosols↗
[Toxicokinetic study of vanadium after intramuscular and intratracheal administration to rats].
The toxicokinetic study, made in the rat with 48V under VOCl2, shows that vanadium does not accumulate in the system. 66% of the radioactivity is found in urines 24 hrs. after the inoculation by intramuscular method. After intratracheal deposit, a part of the vanadium is eliminated very rapidly. The other which is lower is fixed on the pulmonary tissues.
Administration, Oral↗
Toxic effects of cadmium microparticles on the respiratory system. An experimental study on rats and mice.
An experimental study on rats and mice. Scand. j. work environ. & health 3 (1977) 116--121. Experiments on male, specific pathogen-free rats (193) and mice (66) are reported. The test and control animals received a single 15-min exposure to cadmium (cadmium oxide) and aluminum (alumina) microparticles, respectively. The air cadmium content was 10 mg/m3, and 4 microgram of this metal was retained by the lungs of the rats. The animals were observed for 24 days. The following significant differences appeared between the control and test groups: in the cadmium exposed rats the relative lung weight (percentage of body weight) became temporarily higher; the absolute number of alveolar macrophages decreased at first and then increased; numerous polymorphonuclear and lymphocytic cells appeared in the alveoli. According to these inflammatory phenomena, at the 48th h after exposure, there was an alteration in the clearance kinetics of inhaled bacteria and an increase in the death rate of cadmium exposed animals following a test infection with Salmonella enteritidis (rats) or Pasteurella multocida (mice) aerosols. The mechanism of cadmium toxic action on the respiratory system is discussed.
Aluminum Oxide↗