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Biomedical subjects

G Anderson

Publications and source records attributed to G Anderson.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Preoperative crossmatch guidelines for total hip arthroplasty.

The use of crossmatch guidelines has become commonplace as a means of guiding surgeons to efficient preoperative blood ordering. To further refine existing guidelines for a major elective procedure, a number of specific characteristics of 175 patients who underwent 189 total hip arthroplasties were correlated with blood use by univariate and multivariate analyses. The findings of this study demonstrate that for patients with no detectable red cell alloantibody, four units of blood should be crossmatched and reserved preoperatively if the patient is undergoing exchange arthroplasty, or undergoing a transtrochanteric procedure. All other patients with no detectable red cell alloantibody should have two units of blood reserved preoperatively. Proper preoperative crossmatch ordering can result in more labor-efficient and thrifty use of transfusion services, as well as increased effectiveness of autologous predeposit programs.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Direct in vivo observations of embolic events in the microcirculation distal to a small-vessel anastomosis.

This study was done to determine whether microemboli are produced by an arterial anastomosis. Direct in vivo observations were made in an isolated microcirculatory bed lying directly downstream from a newly made anastomosis. The tissue used was the isolated rat cremaster muscle, a new experimental model. The vessel anastomosed was the external iliac artery. Following anastomosis, microemboli were clearly observed in eight of eight animals during the first 30 minutes after clamp release. Embolic events were sometimes of impressive magnitude and in one case were associated with cessation of blood flow throughout the preparation. No microemboli were observed in eight of eight animals subjected only to dissection of the cremaster, nor were any observed in eight of eight animals in which the isolated cremaster was subjected only to 2 hours of clamp ischemia. These findings may be significant in explaining perturbations to blood flow following free-tissue transfer and instances of partial tissue necrosis following apparently successful arterial repair. These findings also identify an important factor (microemboli) to be considered in research on reperfusion injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The role of evidence in the consensus process. Results from a Canadian consensus exercise.

As part of a consensus conference on cesarean birth, the ten-member consensus panel rated 224 clinical scenarios on their appropriateness for a cesarean section. Ratings were obtained before and immediately after the consensus conference. The level of agreement (consensus) among panelists was assessed separately for scenarios with good research evidence (evidence scenarios) and for those with conflicting, poor, or no evidence (nonevidence scenarios). For each scenario, consensus between panelists was measured as total agreement, partial agreement, or disagreement on the appropriateness of a cesarean section. Before the conference, total or partial agreement existed for a larger percentage of evidence than nonevidence scenarios (85% vs 30%), with the pattern reversed for disagreements (15% vs 70%). After the conference, possible improvement in the level of consensus actually occurred for 71% of the evidence and only 24% of the nonevidence scenarios. Thus, the consensus process, as structured here, was sensitive to the availability of good evidence and suggests that aspects of both expert and public processes can successfully be combined. However, an improvement could be made in the process by grading final recommendations according to the availability of rigorous research evidence.

Breech Presentation↗
PubMed1988

Effect of hemodilution on brain tissue during global ischemia.

This study evaluates the effect of blood volume and hematocrit changes on brain tissue during temporary global ischemia. Normal saline was administered intravenously to 55 gerbils to achieve hypo-, normo-, and hypervolemic hemodilution and uniform 30% hematocrit reduction. Each group had unilateral carotid artery ligation and temporary (20 minute) contralateral carotid occlusion. After ten days or death, brains were harvested, preserved in formalin, sectioned in a manner which provided adequate samples of both cortex and hippocampus, and stained with H&E and luxol fast blue. They were then examined and staged microscopically for white and gray matter infarction, edema, and neuronal injury and loss. Histologic studies were performed in a randomized and blinded manner and were classified by one of four categories: normal, minimal, moderate, and severe changes. Three of ten (30%) controls survived ten days but had severe neuronal loss, minimal cerebral edema and a minimal to moderate number of white matter strokes. Survival was best in animals treated with hypovolemic hemodilution (43%). Other rates were: normovolemic (33%), controls (30%), and hypervolemic (8.3%). The degree of brain tissue damage was markedly less in the normovolemic group. In this model, normovolemic hemodilution followed by hypovolemic hemodilution offered the best overall cerebral protection during global ischemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Phenomenological overlap of multiple personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Three patients with multiple personality disorder and three with obsessive-compulsive disorder were compared on a variety of self-report measures and on two structured interviews. Amytal Sodium interviews had been conducted on the obsessive patients; alter personality-like entities claiming responsibility for the obsessions and compulsions were contacted in two patients. The one obsessive patient with no alter personality differed markedly from the other five on the SCL-90, the Lynfield Inventory, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Structured interviews with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule and the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule also clearly differentiated this patient from the other five. It appears that there is a phenomenological overlap between multiple personality disorder and some cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Obsessive patients with prominent dissociative features may be a psychologically and biologically distinct subgroup.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate after twenty-four hours in red cells washed for neonatal transfusion.

Adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations in 14 U of CPDA-1 stored red cells (PRBC) and washed red cells (WRBC) were measured to assess indirectly the quality of WRBC for neonatal transfusion after 24 h. The results indicate that there is no difference in red cell ATP and 2,3-DPG concentrations between PRBC and WRBC after a 24-hour period.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗
PubMed1988

Effects of REV 5901, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor and leukotriene antagonist, on pulmonary responses to platelet activating factor in the guinea-pig.

1. The effects of REV 5901 on the platelet activating factor (Paf)-induced (a) bronchoconstriction, (b) contraction of lung parenchymal strips and (c) increased airways responsiveness to histamine, were assessed in the guinea-pig. REV 5901 is a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor and competitive peptidoleukotriene antagonist which does not inhibit multiple forms of phosphodiesterase. 2. In urethane/pentobarbitone anaesthetized animals, REV 5901 (10 or 30 mg kg-1, i.v.) substantially inhibited the bronchoconstriction, measured as changes in airways resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), induced by leukotriene D4 (2.5 micrograms kg-1, i.v.) but did not attenuate that induced by Paf (50 ng kg-1, i.v.). 3. Paf contracted the lung parenchymal strip in a concentration-dependent manner. REV 5901 (25 microM) neither altered the magnitude of the contractions nor the tissue sensitivity to Paf. The sustained contraction induced by Paf was not affected when REV 5901 was added after the response had reached a plateau. 4. Contractions of parenchymal strips to Paf (50 nM) were prevented by pretreatment with the competitive Paf antagonists, SRI 63441 and WEB 2086. Also WEB 2086, but not SRI 63441, reversed established Paf-induced contractions and relaxed parenchymal strips from intrinsic tone in the absence of Paf. 5. Paf (20 ng kg-1, i.v.) caused an acute increase in airways responsiveness to histamine (4-12 micrograms kg-1, i.v.) which was attenuated by REV 5901 at 10 mg kg-1, i.v. and abolished by 30 mg kg-1, i.v. 6. These data suggest that leukotrienes do not participate in Paf-induced bronchoconstriction or contraction of the lung parenchymal strip, but may play a role in the increased responsiveness of the airways to histamine observed after Paf challenge in the guinea-pig.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The premature breech: caesarean section or trial of labour?

Obstetricians face difficult decisions when the interests of fetus and mother conflict. An example is the problem of choosing the delivery method when labour begins prematurely and the fetus is breech. Vaginal delivery involves risks for the breech fetus of brain damage or death caused by umbilical cord compression and head entrapment. Caesarean section might avoid these dangers but involves risks for the mother, including infection, haemorrhage and even death in a small percentage of cases. If a caesarean section is performed the infant might die anyway, due to complications of prematurity. Thus, decisions about delivery method involve balancing the risks to mother and fetus. Uncertainty about the frequency of fetal injuries in vaginal breech deliveries adds to the difficulty of these decisions.

Beginning of Human Life↗
PubMed1988

The West Indian family: treatment challenges.

The authors discuss the culture-specific problems faced by West Indian immigrants who received treatment at the East Brooklyn Prevention Program. The characteristics, patterns, and functioning of this population must be identified before effective treatment can occur.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Battered women.

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Female↗
PubMed1987

Müller's cell involvement in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

To test whether the Müller's cell, and not the fibrous astrocyte alone, is an active glial element in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, we developed a method using enzyme histochemical analysis for carbonic anhydrase and immunolabelling for glial fibrillary acidic protein on plastic-embedded sections to detect Müller's cells in degenerated retinas. Four postmortem eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were studied. Four features of Müller's cell behavior were observed: (1) Müller's cell nuclei migrated within the retina. (2) They were the principal glial cells in preretinal membranes. (3) Müller's cells formed horizontal bands, in the outer retina, that gave the appearance of subretinal membranes. (4) They formed intraretinal bridges between cystic spaces. In conclusion, the Müller's cell (or its progeny) plays an active role in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Epithelial-cell architecture during involution of the human thymus.

One hundred thymus glands were assessed histologically as to their degree of involution. Epithelial cells were demonstrated by an immunoperoxidase method using a monoclonal antibody against cytokeratin. The distribution of these cells was studied in the medulla, the cortico-medullary junction, the cortical parenchyma and the subcapsular cortex. As involution proceeds, the loss of cells from the thymus is almost totally confined to the lymphoid-cell elements. The architecture of the epithelial-cell network remains largely intact although there is extensive collapse of the structure due to the loss of the intervening lymphocytes. Even when involution is apparently complete; sheets of epithelial cells can be demonstrated in the thymic remnant.

Adolescent↗