An understanding of anatomy is essential to the practice of Emergency Medicine. A significant amount of anatomy knowledge is lost in the transition from student to clinician. This article describes the content and structure of a clinically oriented anatomy review course for senior emergency medicine residents.

Anatomy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of DNA sequences required for activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.

Although promoter regions for many plant nuclear genes have been sequenced, identification of the active promoter sequence has been carried out only for the octopine synthase promoter. That analysis was of callus tissue and made use of an enzyme assay. We have analysed the effects of 5' deletions in a plant viral promoter in tobacco callus as well as in regenerated plants, including different plant tissues. We assayed the RNA transcription product which allows a more direct assessment of deletion effects. The cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter provides a model plant nuclear promoter system, as its double-strand DNA genome is transcribed by host nuclear RNA polymerase II from a CaMV minichromosome. Sequences extending to -46 were sufficient for accurate transcription initiation whereas the region between -46 and -105 increased greatly the level of transcription. The 35S promoter showed no tissue-specificity of expression.

DNA, Viral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Light-regulated and organ-specific expression of a wheat Cab gene in transgenic tobacco.

Many of our most important crop plants are monocotyledons, including wheat, corn, rice and barley. No routine transformation system for monocotyledons has been reported, such as the Ti-mediated gene transfer system for dicotyledons facilitated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Indirect evidence suggests that Ti-plasmid DNA is transferred into and expressed in A. tumefaciens-infected wound tissues of plants from Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae, but these observations have not been extended to monocotyledons of greatest agricultural importance. Regeneration of monocotyledons is usually blocked at the callus-stage, further complicating the possibility of exploring the regulated expression of their genes, and thus preventing identification of the regulatory domains of monocotyledonous genes in a homologous nuclear background. To circumvent these difficulties, we investigated whether monocotyledonous genes can be expressed and correctly regulated in dicotyledons. We have introduced a wheat gene (whAB1.6) encoding the major chlorophyll a/b binding protein (Cab) of the light-harvesting complex into the genomes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum SR1) and petunia (Petunia hybrida) via a Ti-DNA-mediated gene transfer system which allows the transformed cells to regenerate into whole plants. Here we report for the first time the light-regulated and organ-specific expression of a monocotyledonous gene in transgenic dicotyledonous plants.

Base Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Targeting of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase to mitochondria in transgenic plants.

Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and are synthesized as precursors containing a presequence at the N terminus. In yeast and in mammalian cells, the function of the presequence in mitochondrial targeting has been revealed by chimaeric gene studies. Fusion of a mitochondrial presequence to a foreign protein coding sequence enables the protein to be imported into mitochondria in vitro as well as in vivo. Whether plant mitochondrial presequences function in the same way has been unknown. We have previously isolated and characterized a nuclear gene (atp2-1) from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia that encodes the beta-subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. We have constructed a chimaeric gene comprising a putative atp2-1 presequence fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding sequence and introduced it into the tobacco genome. We report here that a segment of 90 amino acids of the N terminus of the beta-subunit precursor is sufficient for the specific targeting of the CAT protein to mitochondria in transgenic plants. Our results demonstrate a high specificity for organelle targeting in plant cells.

Acetyltransferases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Control of integration by extrinsic inputs in the crustacean pyloric circuit.

The pyloric circuit (14 neurones) in the stomatogastric ganglion of crustacea (Jasus, Homarus) is the central pattern generator of the motor output which governs the rhythmic movements of the pyloric chamber (Fig. 1). Although the intrinsic burstiness of these neurones plays a crucial role in the generation of the rhythmic output, it is demonstrated here that expression of this burstiness is completely dependent on extrinsic inputs (Fig. 2). Tonic firing of an identified interneurons (APM) projecting to the pyloric circuit is able to induce bursting in pyloric neurones. It also modifies the characteristics of the regenerative changes in membrane potential which underly bursting of these neurones (Fig. 3). Tonic firing of APM strongly modifies the phase at which each pyloric neurone fires in the cycle (Fig. 4 and 5). This phage control also appears to be achieved through control of the bursting properties of the pyloric neurones. Rhythmic firing of an identified pyloric oscillator neurone (CP) in the commissural ganglia (Fig. 6) that projects to the circuit in the stomatogastric ganglion, is able to entrain the pyloric rhythm (Fig. 7). Each pyloric neurone can be entrained by CP with different coupling ratios (Fig. 8). This higher order oscillator appears to act as a frequency controller of the bursting of each pyloric neurone.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevention of postsurgical thromboembolism with small doses of heparin].

The study includes 390 patients of different age, operated for various conditions during the last quarter of 1975, and systematically treated post operatively with heparin (the cases in which heparin was contraindicated were not included). None of the patients developed signs of thromboembolism after the operation. The drawbacks of the method are virtually inexistent as compared to the gravity of postoperative thrombolic complications. A further study included 1708 operated patients of whom 223 (13.0%) received the heparin treatment and 1485 (87.0%) did not. There was no thrombolic-embolic complication in the former lot and 12 cases (0.8%) in the latter. Three of 15 patients (20%) in whom the postoperative heparin treatment was interrupted immediately or very soon, developed thromboembolism. The method is efficient provided it is applied after the operation up to complete mobilization of the patient. The method is readily applicable, there is no risk and haemostasis is insured.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neuroborreliosis in county Baranya, Hungary.

The incidence and clinical characteristics of Lyme neuroborreliosis (NB) in a region of high prevalence of tick-bite in Hungary is described. In the county Baranya 66 patients were recorded in a five-year period (1989-93). Fifty-six patients (85%) were in "early", and 10 patients (15%) in "late stage" of NB. The sex distribution was equal. The incidence of NB was 2.9-100,000/year in this region. The incidence of radiculitis/neuritis, meningitis, encephalitis and myelitis in the sample was 56.1%, 19.7%, 18.2% and 6%, respectively. The EEG and evoked potentials showed both central and peripheral neural involvement, EMG and ENG abnormalities were related to the peripheral clinical signs. Non-specific white matter lesions could be found by MRI in 5 patients with central involvement. Cerebrospinal fluid changes were not obligatory but a better indicator of inflammatory process in cases with meningitis and/or encephalitis forms (positivity 75%) than in cases with myelitis and radiculitis (positivity 49%).

Adolescent↗