Factors influencing patient selection of a dental school for their treatment needs.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
F J Kohout
Publications and source records attributed to F J Kohout.
Capitation payment for medicaid pharmacy services: impact on non-medicaid prescriptions.
Although pharmacy organizations have been instrumental in the movement to repeal antisubstitution laws, there is evidence that under the current fee-for-service system pharmacists have not exercised their newly obtained prerogatives freely. A previous study has demonstrated that paying pharmacists on a capitation basis for their Medicaid patients effects a highly significant increase in the rate of generic substitution. The present study was conducted to determine whether the pharmacists' newly acquired generic substitution habits "spill over" from Medicaid prescriptions as a result of capitation reimbursement. The results indicate that pharmacists who participated in the capitation experiment for the Medicaid drug program significantly increased their rate of generic substitution on non-Medicaid prescriptions. It was concluded that the same pharmacies that increased their substitution rate in the Medicaid program under capitation also increased their substitution rate on non-Medicaid prescriptions. Finally, generic substitutions in both the Medicaid and non-Medicaid studies generally involved the same labelers as well as drugs in the same therapeutic categories and with the same generic classifications.
Capitation Fee↗
Interpretation of research data: analysis of variance.
The use of analysis of variance (ANOVA) in research studies is discussed. ANOVA is a set of procedures used in testing for differences between means that partitions the total variation found in a sample of score values into "explained" and "error" components. The test statistic used in ANOVA is the F ratio, and probabilities are found in tables of F distributions similar to t, z, or x2 tables. Equations used in ANOVA procedures and exercises for computational practice are given. Design of experiments that facilitate ANOVA use is discussed, as is the difference between t tests and F tests. Total sum of squares, mean squares, and squared correlation ratio are described.
Analysis of Variance↗
Test of a method to determine socially acceptable occlusal conditions.
A method for determining the social acceptability for dental appearance across the full range of occlusal conditions found in a natural population was developed and tested. The strategy used in developing the Social Acceptability Scale of Occlusal Conditions (SASOC) was to present photographs of 100 dental study models to a large sample of high school students (n = 880) and their parents (n = 403) whose responses were measured by a semantic differential instrument. After refinement of the semantic differential instrument scale scores were derived for each study model by computing the mean individual scores. Ranks were assigned to the mean scores. The Pearsonian correlation obtained between parent and student subsamples was 0.95. The reliability and validity of SASOC were assessed. COCSTOC measures of specific occlusal traits for these 100 study models are available. The future task involves the development of a highly reliable regression equation for predicting social acceptability scores from a small number of objective physical measurements.
Adolescent↗
Health status of the rural elderly according to farm work history: the Iowa 65 + rural health study.
In a geographically defined survey of 3,097 rural Iowans who were at least 65 yr of age, we examined the association between prior farm experience (greater than or equal to 25 yr) and various measures of current health status; we controlled for age, current working status, and, where appropriate, smoking and alcohol consumption. Health status was indexed by self-reported morbid conditions, symptoms, and physical function. After controlling for smoking behavior, it was found that both men and women with previous farm exposure currently experience a greater prevalence of all nine respiratory symptoms employed in the study relative to non-farmers. Farm men report a lower prevalence of Parkinson's disease and prostate conditions, but report a greater prevalence of stroke and a lower level of self-perceived health status. Women with a farm work history experience a greater level of physical function and fewer symptoms associated with mental illness. Overall significant benefits as well as risks associated with a history of farm work were identified. However, of those who survived to age 65, extended exposure to farm work did not have a major impact on the overall current health status of men and women.
Activities of Daily Living↗
The effect of rural consumer satisfaction on outshopping for medical services.
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Catchment Area, Health↗
The use of pit and fissure sealants in private dental practices.
Ninety percent of a stratified sample of 240 general dentists and thirty-two pedodontists in fulltime private practice in Iowa responded to a questionnaire about the use of sealants, attitudes and knowledge about sealants, and reasons for not using sealants. Approximately a third of the generalists and a half of the pedodontists use sealants regularly. Many negative attitudes about sealants were found, as well as a large degree of misinformation about them. Most dentists not using sealants thought that they did not last long or that amalgam restorations were more economical.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Patterns of fluoride dentifrice use among infants.
The early use of fluoride dentifrice and use of larger quantities recently have been identified as risk factors for dental fluorosis. However, little is known about fluoride dentifrice use and ingestion among infants and young children whose developing permanent teeth are at risk for dental fluorosis. This paper reports on patterns of fluoride dentifrice use among a birth cohort up to 12 months of age as reported by mothers by written questionnaire. Among those with teeth, percentages whose teeth were brushed at age 6, 9, and 12 months were 12.9%, 36.7%, and 64.5%, respectively. Percentages brushing with fluoride dentifrice were 1.9%, 11.7%, and 31.7%. Among those using dentifrice, the percentages using fluoride dentifrice were 94-97%. Among those using dentifrice, mean estimated quantities of fluoride from dentifrice used per brushing were 0.11, 0.14, and 0.17 mg F (range up to 0.88 mg). Among users, mean quantities of fluoride from dentifrice used per day were 0.21, 0.20, and 0.19 mg F (range up to 1.75 mg). Results suggest that fluoride dentifrice use among infants varies greatly, can be substantial, and can be a risk factor for dental, fluorosis.
Adult↗