Biomedical subjects

F Hayashi

Publications and source records attributed to F Hayashi.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Intraocular lens tilt and decentration, anterior chamber depth, and refractive error after trans-scleral suture fixation surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the extent of intraocular lens (IOL) tilt and decentration, as well as the anterior chamber depth after trans-scleral suture IOL fixation after either secondary out-of-the-bag or primary in-the-bag IOL implantation. DESIGN: Retrospective, comparative, nonrandomized, interventional study. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two eyes that underwent scleral suture fixation were compared with 51 eyes that underwent secondary out-of-the-bag implantation and 50 eyes that underwent in-the-bag implantation. INTERVENTION: One-piece polymethyl methacrylate IOL implantation by three different techniques. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The tilt angle and decentration length of the IOL, as well as the anterior chamber depth, were measured by the Scheimpflug videophotography system. The spherical equivalent error from the predicted value was also examined. RESULTS: The mean tilt angle in the scleral suture fixation group was significantly greater than that in either the out-of-the-bag or the in-the-bag implantation group (P<0.0001). The mean decentration length was also largest in the suture group, followed by the out-of-the-bag group and the in-the-bag group (P<0.0001). The anterior chamber depth in the suture group and the out-of-the-bag group was significantly smaller than that in the in-the-bag group (P<0.0001). The spherical equivalent error in the suture group and the out-of-the-bag group was also greater than that in the in-the-bag group (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The extent of both tilt and decentration after scleral suture fixation was greater than that observed after either out-of-the-bag or in-the-bag implantation. The anterior chamber depth with the sutured or out-of-the-bag fixated IOL was shallower than that with the in-the-bag fixated IOL, which resulted in a significant myopic shift.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Intraocular lens tilt and decentration after implantation in eyes with glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the extent of intraocular lens (IOL) tilt and decentration after implantation in eyes with glaucoma. SETTING: Hayashi Eye Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. METHODS: Fifty-two eyes of 52 patients with glaucoma and 52 control eyes from 52 age-matched patients had phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. Twenty-nine eyes had closed-angle glaucoma (CAG), and the other 23 eyes had open-angle glaucoma (OAG). The extent of IOL tilt and decentration was measured using Scheimpflug videophotography 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean tilt angle in the glaucoma group was significantly greater than in the control group throughout the follow-up. Mean decentration length was also greater in the glaucoma than in the control group, but the difference was not significant. The incidence of eyes showing a marked tilt (greater than 5 degrees) or decentration (greater than 0.5 mm) was higher in the glaucoma than in the control group. The mean tilt angle and the incidence of eyes showing a marked tilt or decentration in the CAG group were significantly greater than in the control group. CONCLUSION: Intraocular lens tilt was more extensive in the eyes with glaucoma, especially in those with CAG, than in normal eyes. Decentration was also greater in the glaucoma groups than in the control group, although the differences were not significant.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Translocation of tyrosine-phosphorylated TCRzeta chain to glycolipid-enriched membrane domains upon T cell activation.

Recent studies point to glycolipid-enriched membrane (GEM) microdomains as the critical sites for TCR-mediated signal transduction. However, whether the TCR complex is localized in the GEM domain is not well-defined. In the present study, we analyzed localization of the TCR-CD3 complex in the GEM domain by isolating the GEM fraction with sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Although 10% of TCRzeta chains was localized in the GEM fraction, most of the TCR complexes were excluded from the GEM before and after T cell activation, and the amount of TCRzeta in the GEM was not increased after activation. However, the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of TCRzeta was strongly concentrated in the GEM fraction upon TCR engagement. A kinetic study revealed that tyrosine phosphorylation of TCRzeta occurred initially in the Triton X-100-soluble membrane fraction followed by the accumulation of phosphorylated TCRzeta in the GEM. Thus, these results indicate that phosphorylated TCRzeta migrates into the GEM domains on T cell activation. We speculate that the GEM microdomains may function as a reservoir of activation signals from triggered TCR.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Biomechanical studies of the rabbit patellar tendon after removal of its one-fourth or a half.

Effects of the overstressing induced by the harvest of grafts from the patellar tendon on the mechanical properties and morphometry of remaining tendon were studied using a rabbit model. The width of the patellar tendon was reduced by one-fourth or one-half equally removing the medial and lateral portions; by this surgery, the cross-sectional area was decreased by 25 or 50 percent from the original area. After all the rabbits were allowed unrestricted activities in cages for 3 to 12 weeks, their patellar tendons were harvested for mechanical and histological studies. The one-fourth removal induced no significant changes in the mechanical properties, but significantly increased the cross-sectional area. In the case of one-half removal, tensile strength and tangent modulus did not change in some tendons, although the cross-sectional area increased significantly. In the other central half tendons, mechanical strength decreased markedly, while the cross-sectional area increased; hypercellular areas and breakage of collagen bundles were observed in these tendons. These results indicate that the patellar tendon has an ability of functionally adapting to overstressing by changing the cross-sectional area, while keeping the mechanical properties unchanged, if the extent of overstressing is less than 30 percent.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Interleukin-18 enhances antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the mouse airways.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has recently been identified as an IFN-gamma-inducing factor. Previous studies have shown that CD4(+) T cells, IL-5, and TNF-alpha mediate, but IFN-gamma and IL-12 (via IFN-gamma production) inhibit antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the airways of sensitized mice. Here, we showed that the administration of recombinant murine IL-18 enhanced antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the trachea and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of sensitized mice in a dose-dependent manner. The administration of IL-18 enhanced antigen-induced IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production, but not IL-5 production, in the BALF and lungs of sensitized mice. Neutralizing antibody against TNF-alpha prevented antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the BALF of sensitized mice. Although IL-18 enhanced antigen-induced airway eosinophilia, IL-18 did not affect antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in sensitized mice. These results indicate that IL-18, unlike IFN-gamma and IL-12, enhances antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the airways in part by increasing antigen-induced TNF-alpha production of sensitized animals. These findings suggest that IL-18 may contribute to the development and exacerbation of airway inflammation in asthma.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Increased cardiovascular and metabolic tolerance to acute hypoxia in the rat with increased hemoglobin-O(2) affinity induced by Na-cyanate treatment.

Cyanate derivatives such as NaOCN have been known to increase the hypoxia tolerance of animals by increasing the affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) to O(2). To clarify the mechanism of this increase in hypoxia tolerance, we examined changes in metabolic rate and cardiovascular parameters during a hypoxia test in halothane-anesthetized, NaOCN-treated and spontaneously breathing rats (50 mg/kg/d S.C., 10 d). Control animals received saline. The capillary density in the skeletal muscle (sternocleidomastoid muscle), cardiac papillary muscle and medulla oblongata was also examined histologically. The Hb-O(2) affinity index, P(50), decreased from 38 (control rat) to 24 mmHg in NaOCN-treated rats. During hyperoxic gas breathing, the rat treated with NaOCN showed a significantly lower metabolic rate (V(.)O(2), V(.)CO(2)), higher cardiac stroke volume, slower heart rate, lower PvO(2), and lower O(2) extraction ratio than those in control rats. The NaOCN-treated rats exhibited well-maintained arterial blood pressure and a larger cardiac output response to reduction in FIO(2) to 0.10-0.08. The increase in O(2) extraction ratio with reduction in FIO(2) was larger in NaOCN-treated than in control rats. The circulatory and metabolic depressions at FIO(2) 0.05 were effectively attenuated in NaOCN-treated rats. The capillary density of the cardiac muscle and medulla oblongata but not the skeletal muscle was significantly higher in NaOCN-treated rats than in control rats. The greater hypoxia tolerance in NaOCN-treated rats is ascribed to the combined effects of left shift of Hb-O(2) dissociation curve, lower basal V(. )O(2), higher capillary density in the heart, and brain, and other adaptive mechanisms induced probably by prolonged tissue hypoxia.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1998

A possible role of RGS9 in phototransduction. A bridge between the cGMP-phosphodiesterase system and the guanylyl cyclase system.

In the current concept of phototransduction, the concentration of cGMP in retinal rod outer segments is controlled by the balance of two enzyme activities: cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) and guanylyl cyclase (GC). However, no protein directly mediates these two enzyme systems. Here we show that RGS9, which is suggested to control PDE activity through regulation of transducin GTPase activity (He, W., Cowan, C. W., and Wensel, T. G. (1998) Neuron 20, 95-102), directly interacts with GC. When proteins in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction of bovine rod outer segments were isolated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and binding of GC to these proteins was examined using a GC-specific antibody, proteins (55 and 32 kDa) were found to interact with GC. However, the activity of GC bound to the 55-kDa protein was not detected. This observation was elucidated by the finding that the 55-kDa protein inhibited GC activity in a dose-dependent manner. Amino acid sequence showed that five peptides derived from the 55-kDa protein were identical to corresponding peptides of RGS9. Together with other biochemical characterization of the 55-kDa protein, these observations indicate that the 55-kDa protein is RGS9 and that RGS9 inhibits GC. RGS9 may serve as a mediator between the PDE and GC systems.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed1998

Human general transcription factor TFIIB: conformational variability and interaction with VP16 activation domain.

Human TFIIB, an essential factor in transcription of protein-coding genes by RNA polymerase II, consists of an amino-terminal zinc binding domain (TFIIBn) connected by a linker of about 60 residues to a carboxy-terminal core domain (TFIIBc). The TFIIB core domain has two internally repeated motifs, each comprising five alpha-helices arranged as in the cyclin box. Compared to the crystal structure of TFIIBc in complex with TBP and a TATA-containing oligonucleotide, the NMR-derived solution structure of free TFIIBc is more compact, with a different repeat-repeat orientation and a significantly shorter first helix in the second repeat. Analysis of backbone 15N relaxation parameters indicates the presence of relatively large amplitude, nanosecond time-scale motions in the TFIIBc interrepeat linker and structural fluctuations throughout the backbone. Interaction of TFIIBc with the acidic activation domain of VP16 or with TFIIBn induces 1H-15N chemical shift and line width changes concentrated in the first repeat, interrepeat linker and the first helix of the second repeat. These results suggest that TFIIB is somewhat pliable and that the conformation of the C-terminal core domain can be modulated by interaction with the N-terminal zinc binding domain. Furthermore, binding of the VP16 activation domain may promote TFIIBc conformations primed for binding to a TBP-DNA complex.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1998

Induction of hepatic poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by peroxisome proliferators, non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens.

Two peroxisome proliferators, [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] acetic acid (Wy-14,643) or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were given orally to male F-344 rats for up to 78 or 97 weeks. At 1 week, the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (pADPRP) was increased 2- and 1.8-fold in the liver of rats treated with Wy-14,643 and DEHP, respectively. The induction of the activity was maintained at 2.5- or 2-fold for up to 52 weeks. The immunoblot and Northern blot analyses revealed that the induction of pADPRP activity would be responsible for the increase in the amount of mRNA. In addition, in the liver tumor induced by Wy-14,643 and DEHP, the pADPRP mRNA level increased 3.6- or 3.7-fold. The magnitude of the increase in the mRNA level was higher than that in the non-tumor portion. These findings suggest that the induction of pADPRP may play an important role in the hepatocarcinogenesis induced by peroxisome proliferators.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1998

Phosphorylation of the gamma subunit of the retinal photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and its effect on the gamma subunit interaction with other proteins.

Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, a key enzyme in phototransduction, is composed of P alpha beta and two P gamma subunits. Interaction of P gamma with P alpha beta or with the alpha subunit (T alpha) of transducin is crucial for the regulation of cGMP phosphodiesterase in retinal photoreceptors. Here we have investigated phosphorylation of P gamma by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and its functional effect on the P gamma interaction with P alpha beta or T alpha in vitro. P gamma, but not P gamma complexed with T alpha (both GTP and GDP forms), is phosphorylated. Measurement of 32P radioactivity in phosphorylated P gamma, analysis of phosphorylated P gamma by laser mass spectrometry, identification of phosphoamino acid, and phosphorylation of mutant forms of P gamma indicate that only threonine 35 in P gamma is phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of P gamma mutants also reveals that the C and N terminals of P gamma which are required for the regulation of P alpha beta functions are not involved in the P gamma phosphorylation but that arginine 33, which is ADP-ribosylated by an endogenous ADP-ribosyltransferase, is required for the phosphorylation. Phosphorylated P gamma has a higher inhibitory activity for trypsin-activated cGMP phosphodiesterase than nonphosphorylated P gamma, indicating that the P gamma-P alpha beta interaction is affected by P gamma phosphorylation. Nonphosphorylated P gamma inhibits both the GTPase activity of T alpha and the binding of a hydrolysis-resistant GTP analogue to T alpha, while P gamma phosphorylation reduces these inhibitory activities. These observations suggest that a P gamma domain containing threonine 35 is involved in the P gamma-T alpha interaction, and P gamma phosphorylation regulates the P gamma-T alpha interaction. Our observation suggests that P gamma phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase may function for the regulation of phototransduction in vertebrate rod photoreceptors.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed1998

Quantitative comparison of posterior capsule opacification after polymethylmethacrylate, silicone, and soft acrylic intraocular lens implantation.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively compare the extent of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), silicone, and soft acrylic intraocular lens implantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 240 eyes from 240 patients undergoing implant surgery were randomized into 3 groups based on the type of lens implanted: PMMA, silicone, and soft acrylic. The density value of PCO in 185 eyes was quantitated approximately 2 years after surgery by a new measurement method using the Scheimpflug videophotography system. RESULTS: Twenty-one eyes (30.4%) in the PMMA group, 4 (5.7%) in the silicone group, and 2 (2.7%) in the acrylic group had already undergone Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. The mean +/- SD PCO values were 26.3 +/- 12.2 computer-compatible tape steps (CCT) in the PMMA group, 12.0 +/- 8.3 CCT in the silicone group, and 16.0 +/- 10.3 CCT in the acrylic group. The PCO value in the PMMA group was significantly greater than that in the silicone or acrylic group (P < .001). The visual acuity loss in the PMMA group was also greater than that in the silicone or acrylic group (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Based on the PCO value and capsulotomy rate, the PCO was more extensive with the PMMA lens than with either the silicone or soft acrylic lens, which led to visual acuity loss.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1998

In vivo quantitative measurement of posterior capsule opacification after extracapsular cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To introduce a new in vivo quantitative measurement of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after extracapsular cataract surgery and also to analyze the correlation between opacification density and the patient's visual acuity. METHODS: Prospectively, the opacification density value in the central 3-mm portion of the posterior capsule was quantitated by means of an area densitometry with the Scheimpflug photography system (EAS-1000). The EAS-1000 examination was performed on 40 eyes with clinically significant PCO both before and after undergoing Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy, and on 10 eyes without PCO. The correlation between the opacification density value and the visual acuity was analyzed with a linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean opacification density values +/- SD were 48.8 +/- 29.5 computer-compatible tapes (CCT) steps in the PCO group before capsulotomy, 15.5 +/- 7.8 CCT steps in the PCO group after capsulotomy, and 12.9 +/- 4.9 CCT steps in the non-PCO group. The mean opacification density value in the PCO group before capsulotomy was significantly greater than that in the PCO group after capsulotomy or than that of the non-PCO group. A linear regression analysis determined that the opacification density value also correlated well with the visual acuity (R2 = .808). CONCLUSIONS: We have established a new in vivo quantitative measurement of PCO. Because the opacification density value obtained by this measurement correlated well with the patient's visual acuity, we consider this measurement to be useful in both the research and clinical management of PCO.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Role of carotid body in pressure response of pulmonary circulation in rats.

We investigated how signals arising from peripheral chemoreceptors could affect pulmonary vasculature in rats. Effects of the hypoxic exposure (10%) on mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), abdominal aortic flow (Q) and the estimated total pulmonary vascular resistance (mPAP/Q) were determined in anesthetized, artificially ventilated, carotid sinus nerve intact or chemodenervated rats. The pressor response of PAP to hypoxia seen in intact rats changed to the depressor response after chemodenervation. Hypoxia elicited a decrease in Q and an increase in mPAP/Q in both intact and chemodenervated rats. Selective carotid body stimulation by the intra-carotid injection of sodium cyanide (NaCN) in normoxia elicited an immediate but transient increase in PAP and Q before and after bilateral vagotomy. The peak change in PAP slightly preceded that in Q. These responses to NaCN were completely abolished by chemodenervation. These results indicate that the immediate chemoreflex contributes to the short-term regulation of pulmonary vasculature in rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Anterior capsule contraction and intraocular lens dislocation after implant surgery in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent of anterior capsule contraction, intraocular lens (IOL) decentration, and tilt after implant surgery in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). DESIGN: A case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven eyes from 47 patients with typical RP and 47 control eyes from 47 age-matched healthy patients were studied. INTERVENTION: Phacoemulsification surgery with polymethylmethacrylate IOL implantation with continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The area of the anterior capsule opening obtained with capsulorrhexis and the amount of the decentration and tilt of the IOL were measured using a Scheimpflug photography system at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean area in the RP group was found to be significantly smaller than that in the control group at 1 month after surgery and later (P < 0.0001). The percent area reduction in the RP group at 6 months was 45.2 +/- 25.8% and 4.6 +/- 13.5% in the control group. Both the decentration length and tilt angle were also greater in the RP group than in the control group. Fourteen (29.8%) of the 47 RP eyes had undergone a neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser anterior capsulotomy at 12 months after surgery, whereas none of the control eyes had undergone an Nd:YAG. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior capsule contraction in the RP eyes was more extensive than in the control eyes, leading to a high Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy rate. Both lens decentration and tilt also were greater in the RP eyes than in the control eyes.

Anterior Chamber↗

PubMed1998

Area reduction in the anterior capsule opening in eyes of diabetes mellitus patients.

PURPOSE: To compare the extent of area reduction in the anterior capsule opening after continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in the eyes of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with that in the eyes of patients without DM. SETTING: Hayashi Eye Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. METHODS: Ninety-one eyes of 91 DM patients and 91 age-matched eyes of patients without DM (control group) having intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were recruited for this prospective study. The DM group comprised 36 eyes with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and 55 without retinopathy (NDR). The anterior capsule opening area was quantitated using Scheimpflug photography 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in mean anterior capsule opening area between the DM and control groups at 1 week or 1 month postoperatively. The area was significantly smaller in the DM group at 3 (P = .0221) and 6 (P = .0075) months. The percentage area reduction was also greater in the DM group than in the control group. The area in the DR group was significantly smaller than in the control group at 3 (P = .0392) and 6 (P = .0080) months. The percentage reduction in the DR group was larger than in the NDR or control group. CONCLUSIONS: After IOL implantation, contraction of the anterior capsule opening area was more extensive in eyes of DM patients than in those of patients without DM, especially in the case of DR.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Reproducibility of posterior capsule opacification measurement using Scheimpflug videophotography.

PURPOSE: To examine the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility in measuring posterior capsule opacification (PCO) using a Scheimpflug videophotography system. SETTING: Hayashi Eye Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. METHOD: Twenty eyes with PCO and 10 without PCO had 5 independent measurements 15 minutes apart performed by 3 observers. The eyes without PCO were selected within 1 week after surgery. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility were evaluated using the coefficient of variation and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The median coefficients of variation of the 3 observers were 11.6%, 11.3%, and 9.8%, respectively, which indicates an acceptably low observer variability. The intraobserver correlation coefficients of the 3 observers were all more than 0.95, and the interobserver correlation coefficient was 0.976, which indicates excellent reproducibility. CONCLUSION: The results of intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of PCO measurement using the Scheimpflug videophotography system indicate it would be effective for use in research and clinical management of PCO.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Health-related quality of life varies with personality types: a comparison among cancer patients, non-cancer patients and healthy individuals in a Japanese population.

In an attempt to examine differential effects of personality on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) without regard to disease type, we used the HRQoL-20, a general questionnaire (Japanese original scale) we developed (comprising 20 questions related to physiological, psychological or social HRQoL) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), which measures personality traits of extraversion (E), neuroticism (N) and psychoticism (P). The subjects (399 males and 429 females), stomach cancer patients, non-cancer patients (who had received acupuncture or moxibustion treatment) and healthy controls, were classified into three personality types. The results indicated that the HRQoL score of the tolerable/tolerant type (high E, low N and high P scorers) was greater than the intolerable/intolerant type (low E, high N and low P scorers) and also the unclassified type (neither of above scorers). The HRQoL correlated positively with the E and P scales and negatively with the N scale, in the case of all subjects, with the exception of N in male cancer patients and E in male non-cancer patients. The results supported the hypothesis that the HRQoL varies with personality variables, in that each patient, in different treatment settings, strives for the situation that is congruent with his/her personality to attain a better HRQoL.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Anterior capsule contraction and intraocular lens dislocation in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

AIMS: To examine the extent of anterior capsule contraction as well as intraocular lens (IOL) decentration and tilt following implant surgery in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PE). METHODS: 53 eyes from 53 patients with PE and 53 control eyes from 53 age matched patients, undergoing phacoemulsification and implant surgery, were recruited. The anterior capsule opening area and the amounts of IOL decentration and tilt after undergoing continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis were measured using the Scheimpflug videophotography system at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean area of the anterior capsule opening in the PE group was significantly smaller than that in the control group at 1 month postoperatively and later. The percentage reductions in the PE group were approximately 25%, while they were less than 10% in the control group. The degree of IOL tilt was also larger in the PE group than in the control group. Five eyes (9.4%) in the PE group underwent a neodymium: YAG laser anterior capsulotomy, but none in the control group underwent a capsulotomy. CONCLUSIONS: The contraction of the anterior capsule opening was more extensive in the PE eyes than in the control eyes, thus resulting in a high Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy rate. The IOL tilt was also greater in the PE eyes than in the control eyes.

Aged↗