Odontoid fractures in elderly patients.
This retrospective analysis describes the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of 19 patients aged 80 years or older with odontoid fractures. The fractures were due to falls in 15 patients (78.9%) and were associated with motor-vehicle accidents in four. Type III fractures were seen in three patients and type II fractures in 16. No patient suffered a neurological injury associated with the fracture. Five patients (26.3%) died during hospitalization; factors contributing to their death included prolonged bed rest, associated injuries, and concomitant medical illnesses. The mean follow-up period in the remaining 14 patients was 28.8 months (range 5 to 72 months). Eight patients with a posterior displacement of 5 mm or less were treated with cervical immobilization, three of whom showed a stable non-union of the fracture site at follow-up review. One patient with 10-mm displacement refused operative treatment. Three of the patients without surgical treatment subsequently died from unrelated causes; all remaining patients resumed their routine activity. Five patients with displacement of 5 mm or greater and instability at the fracture site were treated with posterior cervical fusion of C1-2 using wire and autologous iliac bone grafts. In this group, no operative morbidity or mortality occurred and stable constructs developed in all patients; one patient died from an unrelated cause during the follow-up period and the other patients resumed their normal activity. Prolonged bed rest caused respiratory complications in two of six patients who survived initial hospitalization; two of three patients treated with rigid immobilization developed complications that required alternative treatments.