Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

E Zigler

Publications and source records attributed to E Zigler.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Hallucinations vs. delusions. A developmental approach.

The developmental levels of three samples of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenic patients who manifested hallucinations, delusions, or both symptoms were compared. The patient sample consisted of 432 men and 207 women. Developmental level was assessed by the Zigler-Phillips Social Competence Index. Patients who manifested delusions were found to be at a higher developmental level than those who suffered hallucinations. The social competence of patients having both symptoms tended to fall between the levels of the single symptom groups. Females had higher competence scores than males, and paranoid patients had higher scores than nonparanoid patients. The results were discussed in terms of the significance of developmental level as a pervasive dimension of the individual which relates to the expression of specific symptoms and other facets of psychiatric disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Role-taking, self-image, and imitativeness of mentally retarded and nonretarded individuals.

Retarded and nonretarded individuals matched on MA and CA were tested on role-taking, self-image, and imitation. Higher IQ, MA, real self-image, and ideal self-image were associated with less imitation. Higher IQ and MA were related to more positive ideal self-image, and higher MA was related to more positive real self-image. Retarded individuals had less positive real and ideal self-images compared to the nonretarded groups but were equal to the MA-matched nonretarded group on role-taking ability. The findings were interpreted as supporting the view that role-taking ability is a function of cognitive level and that self-image and imitation are determined by both cognitive and experiential factors.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1982

Is an intervention program necessary in order to improve economically disadvantaged children's IQ scores?

The hypothesis was investigated that alleviation of negative motivational factors underlies much of the 10-point IQ increase commonly found in economically disadvantaged children's performance following a preschool intervention program. Head Start and non-Head Start groups were tested on IQ and motivational measures 3 times before and during the Head Start year (pretest, retest, posttest). Both groups showed comparable IQ gains on retesting, but only the Head Start group showed continued gain from retest to posttest. Parallel changes were found on a motivational measure of wariness of an unfamiliar examiner. The test-retest improvement of both groups was interpreted as resulting from increased familiarity with the testing situation. The continued improvement of the Head Start children was interpreted as reflecting changes in the children's motivational structures as a result of attending a preschool intervention program.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1982

Imitation by institutionalized and noninstitutionalized mentally retarded and nonretarded children.

Institutionalized and noninstitutionalized mentally retarded children and noninstitutionalized nonretarded children matched for MA performed on two imitation tasks. The institutionalized retarded group was found to be more imitative on the first task. For all groups, peers as opposed to adults were found to be the more salient model on the second task. Performance across the two imitation tasks was not correlated; however, within each of the tasks, amount of imitation of peers was related to amount of imitation of adults. These findings were interpreted within the framework of Zigler's outerdirectedness formulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Premorbid social competence and the revolving door phenomenon in psychiatric hospitalization.

The relation between premorbid social competence and length of initial hospitalization was examined in 381 male state hospital patients in four diagnostic categories: schizophrenic, affective reaction, psychoneurotic, and personality disorder. A significant relation was discovered between diagnosis and outcome, with schizophrenic patients having the longest and personality disorder patients the shortest lengths of initial hospitalization. Premorbid social competence was related to outcome, as assessed both by length of initial hospitalization, and by whether the patient was rehospitalized. These two outcome measures were found to be positively related, thus supporting the developmental formulation that premorbid social competence is indicative generally of prognosis. The findings were employed to generate the inference that patients at differing levels of premorbid social competence require different treatment modalities.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Inter-relationships among hospitalization measures of psychiatric outcome.

In a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of 381 first admission male state hospital patients, no consistent correlations appeared among three commonly employed hospitalization measures of outcome. The possibility that psychiatric hospitalization may be a multidimensional criterion is considered and the implications for outcome research are discussed.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1979

Premorbid social competence and outcome among schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients.

The relation between premorbid social competence and outcome was examined with 381 male state hospital patients in four diagnostic categories: schizophrenia, affective reaction, psychoneurotic disorder, and personality disorder. Outcome was assessed using the measures of length of initial hospitalization, total length of rehospitalization, and number of readmissions. The follow-up period was 3 years after discharge from the first hospitalization. On all outcome measures, higher social competence was significantly related to favorable outcome. The four diagnostic groups differed significantly in social competence level, but no evidence was found to indicate that the social competence-outcome relation was influenced by diagnosis. Results were interpreted as consistent with a developmental formulation and as indicating that the relation between premorbid social competence and outcome is not unique to schizophrenia but obtains over a broad range of diagnoses.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1979

The interrelationship between self-image disparity and social competence, defensive style, and adjustment status.

Groups of 40 psychiatric and 40 nonpsychiatric male patients were subdivided into equal groups of high and low social competence. Each patient completed a task battery which included three measures of self-image disparity and the Byrne repression-sensitization scale. High competence patients of both types were found to have higher self-image disparities than low competence patients. Psychiatric patients were found to have higher disparity scores than nonpsychiatric patients, although some evidence indicated that this was true only for the low competence groups. Higher scores on the Byrne scale (indicating sensitization) were found for high as compared to low competence patients, and for the psychiatric as compared to nonpsychiatric groups. Defensive style correlated significantly with each of the self-image measures. The results were discussed in the context of both developmental and Rogerian formulations. It was concluded that an individual's maturational level influences both self-image and defensive style, even when the individual is judged psychologically maladjusted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

National crisis in mental retardation research.

The incidence of mental retardation will be significantly reduced only when we have a greater understanding of the nonorganic form of mental retardation, the type that afflicts approximately 75 percent of persons labeled mentally retarded. Such an understanding requires an interdisciplinary research effort that includes a major contribution from the behavior sciences. The current level of support of mental retardation and behavior science research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development limits the nation's capability of achieving the goals of preventing and ameliorating mental retardation.

Child Development↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of a patterning treatment for retarded children.

Three groups, each with 15 seriously retarded institutionalized children, were employed to evaluate a modification of the sensorimotor patterning treatment developed at the Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP). The treatment group received a program modeled after the IAHP methods for approximately two hours per day, five days per week, for one year. For the same length of time, a matched motivational control group participated in activities with foster grandparents designed to create positive, success-oriented interactions to improve self-esteem and feelings of efficacy. A no treatment group continued to receive the standard care of the institution, which was enlightened and resident-oriented. A wide variety of behavioral measures were employed, including the IAHP Developmental Profile, IQ, motor and language development scales, and measures of affective, social, and maladaptive behaviors. On the majority of the measures there were no differences in posttest performance among any of the three groups. In no case did the pattern of change of the treatment group differ from that of its crucial comparison, the motivation group. However, all three groups showed some improvement in performance between the beginning and end of the study. It was concluded that the patterning treatment investigated in this study cannot be recommended for seriously retarded children.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1977

Premorbid social competence and paranoid-nonparanoid status in female schizophrenic patients.

The relation between premorbid social competence and paranoid-nonparanoid status was examined in a sample of 300 female schizophrenic patients. The subjects were drawn from the same state hospital employed in an earlier study conducted with male patients. The female paranoid patients were found to have better premorbid adjustment histories than the female nonparanoids. Tentative evidence was presented suggesting that the difference in premorbid social competence between paranoid and nonparanoid groups was greater for first and second admission patients than for patients with three or more admissions. The results were discussed in the context of their relation to previous research in this area. Differences between the female and male studies were noted, and the implications of sex differences in social competence were discussed both in terms of conventional measures of social competence and of the competence construct itself.

Age Factors↗