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Biomedical subjects

E T Moran

Publications and source records attributed to E T Moran.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Effect of plane of nutrition from starting to and through the breeder period on reproductive performance of hen turkeys.

Large-type breeder hens were given high (HP) and low (LP) planes of nutrition from day of age to 31 weeks of age. Rearing treatments were then divided, and each was fed HP and LP breeder feeds to 57 weeks. Protein and metabolizable energy (ME) levels of the HP feeds approximated NRC (1977) recommendations, while LP feeds largely involved substitution of corn, fat, and soybean meal for wheat, barley, and oats, such that ME/protein ratio and relative content of essential amino acids were similar between treatments, respective of age. The LP rearing regimen led to reduced hen body weight at 31 weeks. Combining the LP rearing with LP breeder regimen resulted in continuously lighter weights than occurred with the other three treatments to 57 weeks. Carcass fat based on finish grade of sample hens was lower after LP than HP rearing at both 31 and 57 weeks, while the breeder treatments were without effect. Experimental variables neither influenced egg production nor egg weight, but a reduction in the proportion of yolk occurred that was attributable to LP rearing and to a lesser extent the LP breeder feed. Apparent fertility improved with hens that had been LP reared, while feeding the LP breeder led to reduced pip losses, but only if eggs were set within 7 days of being laid. The converse occurred with eggs set after 7 days storage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in fowl and events through perinatal development.

Starch is the main carbohydrate in the food of poultry. Starch granules are digested by pancreatic alpha-amylase in the small intestine. Intestinal villi have enterocytes that project microvilli with a fibrous glycocalyx from the surface. These fine structures are envisaged to entrap water that is mixed with mucin from nearby goblet cells to form the "unstirred water layer." Maltose, maltotriose and alpha-limit dextrins must diffuse across this first barrier to absorption to be hydrolyzed by maltase and sucrase-isomaltase immobilized at the membrane; however, the resultant glucose, once formed, accrues at the surface to provide a concentration advantage. Fowl adjust to changes in dietary starch by altering the amount of amylase released, intestinal surface area and enterocyte carbohydrase concentration. Enterocytes arising during embryonic development have no carbohydrases and are not involved with glucose absorption, but they appear to be specialized for maternal immunoglobin transfer in ovo. Embryonic villi are stimulated by transfer activity, and their growth depends on enterocytes arising from the crypt. Mature crypt cells are capable of digestion-absorptive activities and dominate the villus shortly after the chick hatches when yolk sac reserves are depleted.

Absorption↗
PubMed1985

Effect of plane of nutrition from starting through the breeder period on the reproductive performance of tom turkeys.

Large type breeder toms were given high (HP) or low (LP) planes of nutrition from hatching to 29 weeks of age. Birds from each rearing treatment were divided and HP or LP breeder rations were fed to 58 weeks. Protein and energy levels of the HP feeds approximated National Research Council (NRC, 1977) recommendations while LP feeds involved substitution of corn, fat, and soybean meal for wheat, barley, and oats. Energy-protein ratio and relative essential amino acid levels were similar between treatment, respective of age. Toms given LP feeds weighed less than HP through the first 9 weeks after hatching, but they were similar thereafter until 29 weeks. Reduction in feed conversion with the LP regimen was only significant during the 18 to 21-week interval. Feed intake during the breeder period was unaffected by treatments. Toms receiving the LP breeder feed reduced their weight, particularly when preceded by LP rearing. Mortality was inversely related to average body weight with each treatment. Reproductive capacity, as judged from semen yield and sperm concentration, was more favorable when toms were reared on LP than HP feeds but only during the first few weeks of the breeder period. The LP feed given through the breeder period also proved more favorable than HP feed, particularly at the end of production. Carcass evaluations at 29 and 58 weeks indicated that the LP regimens reduced depot fat while increasing relative testes weight.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Finishing broiler toms using an estradiol 17 beta implant together with a high energy-low protein final feed.

Wrolstad Small White toms were implanted with 10 mg of estradiol 17 beta monopalmitate (EMP) at 8 weeks of age. Common corn-soybean meal feeds were given through to 12 weeks, then one-half the birds from control and EMP groups received either an adequate (16% protein, 3166 kcal ME/kg) or high energy-low protein (HE-LP, 12%, 3373 kcal) feed to 14 weeks. No differences in weight gain and feed conversion occurred between EMP and control treatments at 12 weeks but at 14 weeks when the HE-LP diet had been fed the implanted birds performed better than controls. The HE-LP feed led to body weights and feed efficiencies below that of toms given adequate diet. In all cases, EMP elicited male secondary sex characteristics rather than feminization. Processing losses were increased with EMP and when the HE-LP feed had been given. Both treatments also improved finish assessment and were additive to the extent that a substantial increase in grade occurred. Effects on carcass composition, yield of commercial cuts, and cooking loss were small. Implantation, reduced meat yield percentage of breast and thigh. The increase in grade advantage from combining EMP with a feed that forced fat deposition more than compensated for the adverse effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Influence of a low plane of nutrition during sexual development on subsequent reproductive performance of small white breeder toms.

Diamond White and Wrolstad breeder toms were reared to 10 weeks of age on a common nutritional regimen. Both strains were subsequently given high and low planes of nutrition to 30 weeks. Low nutrient feeds were ca. 200 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg less than high nutrient feeds, which paralleled commercial practice. Energy-protein ratio and essential amino acid profiles between nutrient levels were similar. Both planes were phased down ca. 200 kcal ME/kg between the feeds from 10 to 14 weeks to 14 to 30 weeks. All birds subsequently received the same breeder ration. Diamond Whites were heavier than Wrolstads from 2 through 10 weeks of age. Feeding the low plane of nutrition reduced body weight of both strains at 14 weeks. Growth during the 14- to 30-week-period was such that birds given the low plane feeds recovered earlier losses, and Wrolstads became heavier than Diamond Whites. Although no differences in body weight occurred throughout the breeder period that could be attributed to earlier nutrition, the low plane feeds led to significant improvements in semen and sperm yield during the early and late stages. Wrolstads accrued more fat and benefited more from the low plane of nutrition than did Diamond Whites. Results inferred that reducing fat accretion early in sexual maturity improves subsequent reproductive capacity apart from an alteration in body weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Maintenance nitrogen requirement of the turkey breeder hen with an estimate of associated essential amino acid needs.

Nonproducing, small-type breeder hens in excess of 65 weeks of age were used to represent the maintenance state. All birds had been in laying cages since 30 weeks and accustomed to 16 hr of 70 lx lighting at 16 C. Nitrogen (N) balance was performed in metabolism cages under the same conditions. Ad libitum intake of a common breeder ration led to an intake of ca. 47 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg body weight (BW)/day, which was considered to represent the maintenace energy requirement. Nitrogen retained while consuming this feed averaged 172 mg/kg BW/day. Force-feeding a N-free diet to satisfy the maintenance energy requirement resulted in an 85 mg N/kg BW/day endogenous loss. Total maintenance nitrogen requirement was considered to approximate 257 mg/kg BW/day. Nitrogen retention after force-feeding corn-soybean meal rations having a progressive protein content indicated that the associated amino acids were more efficient in satisfying the endogenous than the total N requirement. A model that estimated maintenance amino acid requirements was assembled by combining the relative concentrations found in muscle and feathers to represent endogenous and retained N, respectively. For the most part, model values agreed with published results for the rooster; however, verification in balance studies was less than successful and believed to be attributable to hen variation in feather cover and protein reserves.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1982

Collagen levels in tissues from selenium deficient ducks.

1. Nutritional myopathy was produced in ducks by feeding the birds selenium deficient diets. The myopathy increased in severity the longer the ducks were fed the selenium deficient diet. 2. There was less total collagen and lesser amounts of soluble collagen found in the tendons of ducks fed the selenium-deficient diet. Likewise, the collagen fibrils were of decreased diameter in those birds. 3. The fibroblasts present in the tendons of the deficient ducks were degenerate. It appears the selenium deficiency produced damaged fibroblast membranes which resulted in decreased collagen synthesis. The resultant loss of collagen structure could have produced a functional tendotomy which caused myodegeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Starch digestion in fowl.

Starch is usually the largest single nutrient in feed and provides the greatest proportion of metabolizable energy. Amylose and amylopectin comprise starch and are packed by plants in granular form. Granule stability is a function of the proportions of each polymer and the manner in which they are crystallized. Plant source determines granule size and stability. Grains generally have granules that are smaller and less stable than tuber or legume sources. Pancreatic alpha-amylase is the only enzyme elaborated by fowl that digests starch. Avian and mammalian sources are very similar, and inhibitors would not ordinarily be encountered in practice. The primary products of amylose digestion are maltose and maltotriose which further include alpha-limit dextrins when amylopectin is the substrate. Having starch in granule form reduces polymer access by the enzyme, and digestion difficulties occur in proportion to stability of structure. Moisture combined with heat destabilize granule structure and their use at one time or another in the manufacture of most feeds alleviates digestibility problems. Large amounts of the enzyme are present with the chick at hatch, and the pancreas is more than capable of synthesis commensurate with need. Gelatinization, enzyme adequacy, predominance of starch from grain, and lack of inhibitors account for the relative absence of practical problems involving this nutrient.

Amylopectin↗
PubMed1982

High tolerance of broilers to vomitoxin from corn infected with Fusarium graminearum.

Corn purposely infected with Fusarium graminearum was found to contain 800 to 900 mg vomitoxin/kg. Contaminated corn was substituted for control corn at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24% in a corn-soybean meal ration. Broiler cockerels were given each experimental diet from 6 to 11 days of age; then sample groups were necropsied. Remaining birds were subsequently offered commercial starter for 2 days and sample groups again necropsied. Growth and diet consumption were not significantly reduced until contaminated corn exceeded 12% of the ration (116 mg vomitoxin/kg). Alertness, coordination, and feathering appeared normal regardless of treatment. Birds that received contaminated corn exhibited plaques in the mouth and gizzard erosions proportional to the level of substitution. All lesions were generally restricted to the epithelial layer and no liver or kidney involvement could be demonstrated. A short return to uncontaminated feed eliminated most lesions. Fowl appear to be considerably more tolerant of vomitoxin than swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Poult yolk sac amount and composition upon placement: effect of breeder age, egg weight, sex, and subsequent change with feeding or fasting.

Hatching eggs from 48 and 55-week-old Small White turkey breeders were used to examine the yolk sac of these poults. Influences due to flock age, egg weight, poult sex, and a two day postplacement regimen of feeding or fasting were evaluated in a factorially designed experiment. Each variable was found to act independent of the other. Older breeders gave eggs having a greater percentage yolk and with more ether extract than if they were from younger hens. For the most part, these fundamental differences remained with the poult's yolk sac at and after placement. Examining egg weight effects apart from hen age showed that heavier eggs had heavier yolks but their percentage of the total was to the converse and no compositional differences appeared. Poults from large eggs had a greater amount of yolk sac that contained proportionately less ether extract than if they were from small eggs. In total, yolk sac found ca. 12 h after poult removal from the hatcher corresponded to reserves that would remain ca. two days after formal hatching. The yolk sac free carcass failed to exhibit any compositional differences regardless of egg source or weight upon placement, but 48 hr later changes occurred that could largely be attributed to interim yolk resorption. Fasting delayed yolk sac uptake and favored removal of moisture and lipid to a greater extent than protein while the converse was true if access to feed and water was permitted. All parameters were unaltered because of poult sex.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Hatching success and early performance of chicks from eggs sprayed with 2,4-D,2,4,5-T and picloram at various stages of embryonic development.

Aqueous solutions of 2,4-D, 2,4-5-T and picloram were sprayed on hens' eggs at 10x normal rate (11.2 kg/ha). Eggs used were stored prior to incubation over a 24 day period and application on each age egg occurred at the start as well as 4 and 18 days after the onset of embryonic development. No adverse effects on any parameter used to evaluate either incubation or subsequent live performance could be attributed to either spray treatment or embryonic age when applied. Although extended preincubation storage significantly reduced hatching success, it was independent of herbicide contact and germ stage when contaminated. Chicks derived from eggs stored 1--2 and 23--24 days before incubation performed comparably and were uninfluenced by all treatments during incubation.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1978

Influence of hen dietary calcium and phosphorus on the integrity of the egg shell as it would influence hatching success and the consequences of preincubation 2, 4, 5-T spraying with and without a high TCDD level.

Commercial strain laying hens were fed practical rations deficient in calcium and/or phosphorus to affect weak shelled eggs. Spraying these eggs prior to incubation with 2, 4, 5-T preparations having extremes in TCDD contamination at 10x recommendation was without effect on all parameters used to evaluate embryological development and subsequent early performance of resultant chicks. Analyses for 2, 4, 5-T residues indicated that the shell though weakened was unaffected as a barrier to herbicide contamination.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1975

Abdominal cystic lymphangiomatosis: report of a case involving the liver and spleen and illustration of two cases with origin in the greater omentum and root of the mesentery.

B-scan ultrasonic examination of a 10-year-old Mexican-American female with multiple avascular hepatic and splenic defects on both isotopic and angiographic evaluation revealed numerous cystic lesions, a few of which contained numerous internal echoes. Subsequent pathological examination revealed lymphangiomatosis of the liver and spleen. Some of the cysts contained caseous material as predicted only by the ultrasonic examination. Cystic lymphangiomatosis of the spleen is a rare condition and only a few cases of involvement of both the spleen and liver have reported. This is the first such case evaluated by ultrasound. Two cases are also illustrated of cystic lymphangiomatosis with origin in the greater omentum and root of the mesentery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Alleviating mortality associated with a vitamin E-selenium deficiency by dietary ascorbic acid.

Adding ascorbic acid to a practical ration deficient in vitamin E and selenium for the growing duck substantially reduced associated mortality. The continued appearance of various myopathies but absence of vascular faults supported implication of a reduced de novo ascorbate synthesis as part of the syndrome. Presumably, alleviation of this induced secondary inadequacy with its more lethal pathology was the primary reason for the lower death rate.

Animal Feed↗