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Biomedical subjects

E T Moran

Publications and source records attributed to E T Moran.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Lysine supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler breeder males.

Two experiments were conducted to assess the impact of supplemental L-lysine HCl on N balance in broiler breeder males fed 8% CP corn-based diets (3,220 kcal MEn/kg; .15% supplemental DL-methionine; .24% basal lysine). In Experiment 1, 78-wk-old males were fed the basal diet with either 0, .05, .10, or .25% supplemental L-lysine HCl. Birds were allowed to eat for 1 h each day to a maximum intake of 325 kcal MEn per bird per day. Total excreta were collected for 8 consecutive days. Nitrogen retention and balance were not different among treatments (P greater than .05) and responded neither linearly nor quadratically to dietary lysine level. Removing the variation due to differences in N intake with analysis of covariance did not change the response. In Experiment 2, 30-wk-old males were fed the same basal diet with supplemental lysine levels of 0, .15, .30, .45, .60, and .75% L-lysine HCl for 5 consecutive days. Nitrogen balance and retention were different among diets, and both variates responded linearly to increases in dietary lysine. Removing the variation due to differences in N intake removed treatment effects, however, suggesting that at least part of the difference was the result of variable levels of intake. Regression analysis indicated a significant linear increase in both N balance and retention with increasing dietary lysine level (R2 = .82). These results suggest that young broiler breeder males can make better use of the protein of corn if supplemental lysine is provided. However, older birds do not demonstrate improved N balance as a result of supplemental dietary lysine.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Strain-cross response of heavy male broilers to dietary lysine in the finisher feed: live performance and further-processing yields.

A total of 2,560 male broilers from eight commercial strain-crosses were growth to 42 days of age on common starter (1 to 21 days; 23.06% CP, 3,217 kcal ME/kg) and grower (21 to 42 days; 20.14% CP, 3,224 kcal ME/kg) rations. All strain-crossed subsequently received finisher diets (17.95% CP; 3,186 kcal ME/kg) containing either .85 or .95% lysine from 42 to 53 days of age. Further-processing yields were determined on 12 birds per pen, selected within +/- 10% of the replicated pen (8 pens per strain-cross, 40 birds per pen) average weight. The strain-crosses differed significantly (P less than .05) in BW (1, 21, 42, and 53 days), weight gain (WG), feed:gain ratio (1 to 21 and 21 to 42 days), and mortality rate (1 to 21 days). The lysine effect during the finisher period was significant for 53-day BW and WG from 1 to 53 days. Chilled carcass (CC) and abdominal fat (AF) weights, CC yield (percentage, excluding AF), AF yield (percentage of CC weight), Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, total deboned breast (TDB), drumstick, thigh, wing, and residual "cage" and skin yields varied among the strain-crosses. A significant weight and yield response to lysine was observed for TDB. Variation observed among strain-cross in live performance, further-processing yields, and response to additional lysine is attributed to differences in rate of growth and degree of maturity at market age. Furthermore, the lysine requirement during the finisher period for optimum breast meat yield may be higher than that recommended by the National Research Council in 1984.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Response of male turkeys hatched from first-cycle and force-molted breeder hens to a regimen providing progressive feeds by weight and the value of increased lysine prior to marketing.

Male poults originating from 41- and 85-wk-old Nicholas Large White breeder turkey hens were compared using a six-feed system provided on the basis of weight. Each source of poult was compared further in its response to lysine at .65 and .80% in the final feed (14.5% CP and 3.40 kcal AMEn/g) before marketing at 18 wk of age. Poults from 85-wk-old hens were heavier at placement than those from 41-wk-old hens. Equalization of body weights occurred once the allotment of starting feed had been consumed and for the most part remained similar thereafter. Increasing lysine content of the final feed did not improve body weight of both sources of birds at marketing (P < .13). Feed conversions included accrued mortality, and treatment differences were not apparent. Commercial processing of the flock and measurements on sample birds indicated no ready differences in chilled carcass yield nor proportions of parts occurred among treatments. The overall effects of breeder age with the progeny were negligible, and the .65% level of lysine that presently serves as the 1984 National Research Council minimum requirement when associated with 14% CP and 3.30 kcal/g appears to be adequate for the Nicholas strain of turkey from 16 to 18 wk of age.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Performance of broiler breeder males given low protein feed.

One hundred and eight 24-wk-old broiler breeder males were arranged into 18 groups of six birds of equal average BW. Six groups were killed for carcass evaluation at 24 wk of age; the other 12 groups were divided between two dietary treatments. One treatment was a typical breeder-recommended male broiler breeder ration (standard, or ST; 12% CP, 3,160 kcal ME/kg), whereas the other was a low-protein, corn-based diet (all corn, or AC; 8% CP, 3,220 kcal ME/kg) formulated to approximate minimum amino acid requirements for positive nitrogen balance. All birds were fed at a rate of 325 kcal ME/day per bird to 68 wk of age. Body weight, semen volume, and sperm concentration were evaluated weekly. All birds remaining at 68 wk were killed for carcass evaluation. Feed and age effects on BW were highly significant (P less than .001). However, birds did not respond similarly to treatments with increasing age. Birds fed ST were heavier and surpassed breeder-recommended BW by 38 wk of age, whereas birds given AC were lighter and remained below breeder-recommended weights throughout the study. Semen production was measured by semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm yield, and proportion of males producing semen; values were similar for treatments at all ages. Birds given the AC feed had more carcass fat than ST-fed birds at 68 wk of age, but ST-fed birds had the same proportion of fat at 68 wk as birds killed at 24 wk. Results suggest that the amino acid levels provided by the AC diet were less than adequate for optimal BW gain, but adequate for semen production.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1991

Cup versus tray excreta collections in metabolizable energy assays.

A cup-and-harness excreta collection device was compared with a traditional tray-type excreta collection method in an ME study. The AME and AMEn were determined for two different diets (12% CP, 3,160 kcal ME/kg, and 23% CP, 3,160 kcal/kg). Twenty-four broiler breeder males were used with methods and diets arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design. A standard AME feeding and collection protocol was followed. There were no differences in any measured variables attributable to method of excreta collection. However, dietary differences were readily apparent with both methods. Data suggest less variability in collection-related variables for the cup collection procedure. Ease and rapidity of changing containers makes the cup collection method a viable alternative when large numbers of birds are involved. Excreta can be stored in the same containers in which it is collected. Additionally, contamination of excreta with feathers, feed, scale, and vomit are avoided.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of whey and probiotic-supplemented withdrawal feed on the retention of Salmonella intubated into market age broilers.

Broilers (6 wk of age) were crop-intubated with a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium and given four withdrawal feeds: 1) control feed (corn and soybean meal base, 18% CP and 3,200 kcal ME/kg); 2) control plus 5% whey (61% lactose); 3) control plus probiotic (6.8 x 10(6) cfu of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium thermophilium, and Lactobacillus acidophilus); and 4) control plus 5% whey plus probiotic. In Experiment 1, male broilers received 9.8 x 10(7) cfu of S. typhimurium per bird midway through a 20-h fast. The withdrawal feeds were continuously offered through a subsequent period of 6 to 7 days. Live performance of broilers during this time was similar among treatments. Ceca from birds consuming whey were significantly (P less than .05) increased in weight and distended with gas. Recovery of S. typhimurium from the ceca was low with all treatments, and the effects of whey or probiotic at reducing the organism could not be determined. In Experiment 2, female broilers received the same four experimental feeds for 48 h. Salmonella typhimurium was intubated 24 h after feed access (1.2 x 10(7) cfu per bird). Again, no differences (P greater than .05) in performance occurred, but the inclusion of whey led to increased cecal weight and size (P less than .05). Large numbers of S. typhimurium were recovered from the ceca 24 h after intubation, but the levels were similar among treatments. Whey and probiotic in the withdrawal feed did not appear to affect the Salmonella level in ceca when the organism was consumed prior to marketing.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Effects of egg weight, glucose administration at hatch, and delayed access to feed and water on the poult at 2 weeks of age.

Eggs from a 42-wk-old small-type turkey breeder flock were weighed and divided into heavy, medium, and light categories relative to the population average. Poults from each category were sexed, then given .5 mL of 50% glucose in saline by either crop intubation (CI) or subcutaneous injection at the neck (SC). Controls did not receive glucose. One-half of the birds from each treatment were immediately given access to feed and water in pens of brooder batteries; the remainder were held 3 days in transportation boxes before placement in other pens of the same batteries. Poult weight at hatching and 3 days later paralleled egg weight. Improvement in 3 day BW occurred after glucose administration and was greater by SC than CI, but these advantages were only apparent when feed and water had been accessible during the interim. Egg weight effects on BW and gain persisted to 2 wk of age, as did the depression from delayed nutrient access; however, the advantage from glucose with poults having early access to nutrition disappeared. Alterations in the proximate compositions of livers and carcasses among treatments were small. Total mortality increased with egg weight when poults received feed and water early after hatching, while the converse occurred when delayed. Deaths were not altered by either glucose or fasting (P greater than .05).

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

Effects of posthatch glucose on poults fed and fasted during yolk sac depletion.

The advantage of glucose administration after hatching was examined in terms of poult performance and body changes 3 days after administration. A .5-mL dose of 50% glucose in saline was either subcutaneously (sc) injected in the neck or intubated into the crop. Controls did not receive glucose nor were they handled. Controls and poults given glucose were divided into two groups and either brooded with feed and water or kept in transportation boxes and fasted. Poults that were fasted lost weight, and glucose treatments did not alter this loss; however, access to feed and water led to a gain in weight. Those poults given glucose had greater weight gains and feed consumption than controls. Liver, yolk sac, and carcass contained increased moisture in response to glucose when feed and water had been provided, whereas only the carcass expressed this change when the birds were fasted. Most changes to glucose were greater from sc than oral dosing, and neither egg weight of origin nor sex influenced the extent of poult response.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Metabolic changes in pectoral muscle and liver of turkey embryos in relation to hatching: influence of glucose and antibiotic-treatment of eggs.

Small type turkey eggs were pressure differential dipped in an antibiotic solution (spectinomycin 3,000 ppm) with or without glucose (10%) and incubated. Pectoral muscle and liver samples taken from the embryos at the knocking, pipping, and posthatch stages of development were studied. Muscle glycogen decreased between pipping and posthatch. Liver glycogen decreased progressively between knocking and posthatch. Whereas liver free fatty acids decreased as the embryo completed the hatching process, muscle levels were less subject to change. Providing the embryo with antibiotic plus glucose improved overall glycogen in both tissues and reduced muscle lactate. Results from treatment with antibiotic alone resembled those in the first treatment with regard to liver glycogen and muscle lactate but to a lesser degree. Results support the hypothesis of an extensive muscle involvement in the hatching process and need for glucose through the perihatch period.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Subcutaneous glucose is more advantageous in establishing the posthatch poult than oral administration.

Poults have been shown to have low carbohydrate reserve after hatching, and glucose at this time improves early performance. Present experimentation examined the effects of .5 mL of 50% glucose in saline 2 h after subcutaneous injection (s.c.) at the base of the head or given as an oral gavage. Timing of administration and slaughter corresponded to when poults would encounter antibiotic-vitamin injection at the hatchery and the subsequent stress of transportation. Live weight after treatments was greater for poults given s.c. glucose than those untreated, whereas oral dosing led to a loss in weight. This weight loss could be wholly attributed to decreased carcass moisture. The s.c. glucose increased yolk sac resorption, and s.c. and oral glucose improved accretion of crude protein and ether extract by the yolk sac and liver-free carcass. Liver glycogen and blood glucose increased to a greater extent from s.c. than from oral glucose. Loss of body water after oral glucose and the poults' reduced efficacy in improving carbohydrate status might be attributed to an immature intestine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Protein requirement, egg formation and the hen's ovulatory cycle.

Protein consumed by the laying hen is overwhelmingly oriented to yolk and albumen formation. Yolk proteins are almost exclusively synthesized in the liver, then transported to developing follicles. Yolk accrual by follicles is continuous and rapid because of hepatic and follicular construction. Albumen is largely synthesized by the tubular gland cells of the magnum. Albumen formation is also continuous; however, the rate appears to be particularly accentuated during the 4 h the ovum is in the magnum. Ovarian sex steroids are necessary for transcription of mRNA for all of the major egg proteins. Circulating sex steroids undergo a transient surge prior to ovulation that not only extends transcription but also appears to enhance translation of existing mRNA. Full realization of this enhancement by the magnum seems to be limited to when the ovum is present. Hens increase their protein intake at this time, presumably in response to associated demands.

Albumins↗
PubMed1987

Impact of high dietary vomitoxin on yolk yield and embryonic mortality.

Single Comb White Leghorn hens at 58 weeks of age were given control (C) and vomitoxin (V)-contaminated feed for 4 weeks; then the V treatment was changed to C for 2 subsequent weeks. Fusarium graminearum-infected corn was substituted for sound corn to attain a practical extreme of 38 ppm V. Hen-day production, feed consumption, body weight, and gross pathology were the same between treatments. Egg weight, internal quality, and shell strength were not adversely affected; however, dietary V led to a small reduction in the percentage of yolk while albumen increased. Solids content of both egg components remained unchanged, and no V as such could be detected (less than .2 ppm). Presence of toxic V metabolites in the egg were indicated by increased (although still low) embryonic mortality upon incubation. Improvement in yolk yield and relief from germ losses occurred 1 week after the change from V to C feed. Overall responses to present extreme circumstances were no greater than variation occurring between weeks, and problems in practice seem remote.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Pre- and post-hatch ultrastructural and metabolic changes in the hatching muscle of turkey embryos from antibiotic and glucose treated eggs.

Hatching muscle of turkey embryos from eggs previously dipped in an antibiotic solution with or without glucose, was studied at three developmental stages, 'knocking', 'pipping' and 'post-hatch'. In both treated and untreated groups, occurrence of relaxed muscle fibres was more characteristic of pre-hatch than post-hatch stages. Glycogen decreased toward post-hatch in all groups while lactate increased in untreated and antibiotic groups. In the antibiotic group, glycogen was lower (all stages) and lactate higher (pre-hatch stages) than in the untreated group. In the glucose-added group, there was no reduction in glycogen, but glycolysis seemed to be further enhanced (as indicated by higher lactate) in pre-hatch stages. Thus, providing eggs with glucose may help maintain higher muscle glycogen level even during active glycolysis. The free fatty acid (FFA) level in the untreated group progressively increased from knocking to post-hatch, indicating mobilization of fat as fuel. The antibiotic group had a higher FFA level than the untreated group during knocking and pipping. In the glucose-added group, FFA at knocking was even higher than that at the corresponding stage in the antibiotic group.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of feeding hens a high level of vomitoxin-contaminated corn on performance and tissue residues.

A balance experiment was conducted with hens fed a high level of vomitoxin (V) to study the effect on live performance, egg quality, and tissue residues of V. Twenty Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens, approximately 26 weeks of age, were individually housed in metabolic cages and fed a control (C) or V (82.8 mg/kg) diet for 27 days. No significant differences were observed in feed consumption, body weight gain, egg production, egg weight, haugh units, shell deformation, or egg shell thickness between treatments. No gross pathological lesions were observed in the oral cavity, proventriculus, small or large intestine, liver, spleen, heart, or kidney. Small erosions were present in the gizzard mucosa of birds fed the V-diet. No significant V residues were found in the yolk, albumen, egg shell, liver, kidney, thigh, or breast muscle, but levels of approximately 20 ppb were found in the gizzard. About 4.2% of the total V consumed by hens were recovered in the feces.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Egg quality and hen performance responses to protein-calcium deficiency, cafeteria feeding, and cage density.

Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens were given feeds (2975 kcal ME/kg) that were marginally deficient in protein (15%) and calcium (3.0%). Negative control was as a mash, whereas an experimental mixture had the same formulation, but 5 of the 15% protein was soybean pellets in place of the meal and 2 of the 3% calcium was oyster shell flakes. A complete cafeteria system acted as a positive control and provided pellets, oyster shell, and a 10% protein-1% calcium mash (2975 kcal ME/kg) separately in a three-compartment trough. Feed treatments were imposed from 24 to 40 weeks of age on hens kept one and two/cage. Performance effects, because of the feed treatments, were not apparent until after 8 weeks of experimentation. Production was sustained by the pellet-oyster shell feed mixture when birds given the complete mash declined. Feeds had immediate effects on egg quality. Egg shell deformation and albumen Haugh values were highest with the complete mash and lowest for the cafeteria system, while the complete mixture was generally between these extremes. Hens kept two/cage consumed more feed than those one/cage and responded similarly to each treatment, but the reduced performance associated with increased density was not alleviated.

Albumins↗