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Biomedical subjects

E Riboli

Publications and source records attributed to E Riboli.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Cancer and polyps of the colorectum and lifetime consumption of beer and other alcoholic beverages.

Two parallel case-control studies were conducted in the Marseilles metropolitan area of France from 1979 to 1985 on cancers and adenomatous polyps of the colorectum. All cases of cancer (n = 389) and polyps (n = 252) were incident and histologically confirmed. Controls (n = 641) matched for sex and age were selected among patients undergoing functional reeducation for injury or trauma in one of five hospital centers. Intake of alcoholic beverages was investigated by questions on daily or weekly intake of wine, beer, apéritifs, and distillates during different life periods. Questions on alcoholic beverages were integrated in a detailed diet history interview questionnaire. The risk of rectal cancer was elevated in male beer drinkers (relative risk = 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.95) and in men and women combined (relative risk = 1.71), while beer consumption was not associated with colon cancer. Total ethanol intake and consumption of wine and distillates were not associated with the risk of cancer of the colon or rectum, nor with risk of polyps. Adjustment in the statistical analysis for energy intake and for other dietary variables (fiber from fruits and fiber from vegetables), which were found to be risk factors in the study, did not substantially change the results found for beer and other alcoholic beverages. Etiologic hypotheses related to nitrosamine content of beer are discussed in the light of growing epidemiologic evidence that beer consumption specifically increases the risk of rectal cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

The association between alcohol and breast cancer risk: evidence from the combined analysis of six dietary case-control studies.

Data from 1,575 cases and 1,974 controls enrolled in 6 previously conducted case-control studies of diet and breast cancer have been analysed with respect to alcohol intake. There appears to be an absence of any association between consumption of up to 40 g of alcohol per day and risk of breast cancer, and a highly statistically significant and consistent elevated risk of breast cancer for drinkers of 40 g or more of alcohol per day, for whom the relative risk, as compared with that of non-drinkers, is 1.69 (95% confidence interval 1.19 to 2.40). This association is not due to confounding by a number of diet-related factors, including total calories, fat, fibre and vitamin C.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A case-control study of air pollution and tobacco smoking in lung cancer among women in Athens.

BACKGROUND: A case-control study exploring the role of smoking and outdoor air pollution in the causation of lung cancer, by histologic type, in nonsmoking women, was undertaken in Athens between 1987 and 1989. METHODS: One hundred one women with lung cancer and 89 comparison women with fractures or other orthopedic conditions, all permanent residents of Greater Athens, were included in the study. Smoking habits were ascertained through interviews, whereas lifetime exposure to air pollution was assessed by linking blindly lifelong residential and employment addresses of all subjects with objectively estimated or presumed air pollution levels. RESULTS: The age-adjusted relative risk and 95% confidence intervals for lung cancer among current smokers compared with nonsmokers was 3.40 (1.75-6.61); it was 7.43 (2.88-19.13) among those smoking for more than 30 years and 7.46 (2.40-23.17) among those smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day. The age-adjusted relative risk was 1.70 (0.75-3.89) for adenocarcinoma and 6.45 (2.73-15.25) for other histologic types of lung cancer; statistically significant dose-response trends were evident for both histologic groups. Air pollution levels were associated with increased risk for lung cancer but the relative risk was small and statistically not significant. However, when both air pollution and duration (or quantity) of tobacco smoking, as well as their interaction, were introduced in a multiple logistic regression model, the interaction term was significant at the suggestive level of 0.10. CONCLUSION: Whereas there is no effect of air pollution among nonsmokers, the relative risk contrasting extreme quartiles of air pollution among smokers of 30 years duration was 2.23. The interaction was almost exclusively accounted for by the nonadenocarcinoma lung tumors.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Urinary infection, renal lithiasis and bladder cancer in Spain.

A case-control study on bladder cancer was carried out in 12 hospitals located in 4 regions of Spain. The study included 497 cases and 530 population controls, matched by sex, age and residence. The present paper reports the results regarding the risk for bladder cancer in relation to history of infections and lithiasis of the urinary tract. Increased risk was found for infections starting 4 years or less before diagnosis (OR = 15.00; 95% CL: 6.07-51.66) but no statistically significant increase in risk was observed for infections starting 5 or more years before (OR = 1.44; 95% CL: 0.86-2.47). Our data suggest that the association of urinary infections with bladder cancer is probably not causal and is more likely to be a consequence of cancer, although a weak causal association cannot be excluded. A small but not statistically significant increase in risk was found to be associated with a history of renal lithiasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A community study of alcohol consumption and dietary habits in middle-aged Italian women.

This population-based study examines whether dietary intake in middle-aged Italian women is influenced by alcohol drinking habits. The 499 participants were interviewed using a dietary history questionnaire designed to investigate alcohol consumption. Mean intake of total and non-alcohol energy increased progressively within categories of increasing alcohol consumption (less than 5, 5-19, 20-39, 40+ g/day). Mean body weight and Quetelet index (kg/m2), however, decreased with increasing alcohol consumption. Once the disparities in energy intake were reduced by computing intake densities, the data suggest that moderate and heavy drinkers have dietary habits similar to those of abstainers or light drinkers. These findings were confirmed by multiple linear regression analyses in which the confounding effects of age, place of residence, occupation, and Quetelet index were taken into account. Increasing alcohol consumption appeared associated only with a modest decrease in the intake of fibre, beta-carotene, and vitamin C. These findings do not support the hypothesis that the observed protection from coronary artery disease among moderate drinkers is related to a chronic reduction in the intake of carbohydrates and fat, at least in middle-aged women.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Correlation of early pathological lesions in the bronchial tree with environmental exposures: study objectives and preliminary findings.

Lung specimens were taken at autopsy from 214 subjects aged 35 years and over who had died from nonpulmonary causes in Athens or the surrounding countryside. The samples were coded and examined for entities thought to be linked to environmental exposures, reflecting epithelial, possibly precancerous, lesions, as well as for morphological features, which were summarized using Reid's index. Of the 214 specimens, 142 were suitable for pathological examination. Next-of-kin of 101 of the dead people were identified and asked about the subject's exposure to active smoking, passive smoking, possible occupational hazards, dietary factors and proxy indicators of air pollution (residence). Preliminary analysis, controlling for age and sex, indicates that active smoking is related, although not statistically significantly, to both the Reid index (difference, 0.28, corresponding to a one-tailed p value of 0.07) and epithelial, possibly precancerous lesions (difference, 16.7, corresponding to a one-tailed p value of 0.09). Nonsignificant differences were found in the preliminary analysis of this ongoing study with respect to the other environmental factors examined.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Exposure of nonsmoking women to environmental tobacco smoke: a 10-country collaborative study.

The interpretation and interpretability of epidemiologic studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) depend largely on the validity of self-reported exposure. To investigate to what extent questionnaires can indicate exposure levels to ETS, an international study was conducted in 13 centers located in 10 countries, and 1,369 nonsmoking women were interviewed. The present paper describes the results of the analysis of self-reported recent exposure to ETS from any source in relation to urinary concentrations of cotinine. Of the total, 19.7 percent of the subjects had nondetectable cotinine levels, the median value was 6 ng/mg, and the cut-point of the highest decile was 24 ng/mg. The proportion of subjects misreporting their active smoking habit was estimated at between 1.9 and 3.4 percent, depending on whether cut-points of 50 or 100 ng/mg creatinine were used. Large and statistically significant differences were observed between centers, with the lowest values in Honolulu, Shanghai, and Chandigarh, and the highest in Trieste, Los Angeles, and Athens. Mean cotinine/creatinine levels showed a clear linear increase from the group of women not exposed either at home or at work, to the group of those exposed both at home and at work. Values were significantly higher for women exposed to ETS from the husband but not at work, than for those exposed at work but not from the husband. The results of linear regression analysis indicated that duration of exposure and number of cigarettes to which the subject reported being exposed were strongly related to urinary cotinine. ETS exposure from the husband was best measured by the number of cigarettes, while exposure at work was more strongly related to duration of exposure. After adjustment of number of cigarettes for volume of indoor places, a similar increase in cotinine (5 ng/mg) was predicted by the exposure to 7.2 cigarettes/8 h/40 m3 from the husband and 17.9 cigarettes/8 h/40 m3 at work. The results indicate that, when appropriately questioned, nonsmoking women can provide a reasonably accurate description of ETS exposure. Assessment of individual exposure to ETS should focus on daily duration and volume of indoor places where exposure occurred.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Hospital versus neighbourhood controls in the assessment of dietary risk factors.

The selection of the best control group is a major concern in the design of any case-control study, because of its enormous implications on both interval validity and cost. We compare the dietary habits of hospital and neighbourhood control groups which had both been used in a case-control study on bladder cancer. The analysis is based on 485 matched sets. No differences were observed between the two groups in terms of nutrient consumption nor in consumption of specific foods or food groups. Alcohol consumption represents an exception. This may be attributed to the use of incorrect exclusion criteria given that alcohol consumption was not one of the major determinants of the original study. We conclude that, provided correct exclusion criteria are used, hospital controls may be a suitable as neighbourhood controls in the assessment of dietary risk factors in case-control studies in Spain.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1989

Breast cancer and alcohol consumption: a case-control study in northern Italy.

From 1983 to 1986, a population-based case-control study of alcohol and breast cancer (250 cases and 499 controls) was conducted in a grape-farming area of northern Italy, where wine consumption is widespread. In the study population, 30% of women were abstainers and 15% reported alcohol intakes of 30 g/day or more. After adjustment for potential confounders, no appreciable association was evident for alcohol consumptions as high as 40 g/day. Women reporting intakes of more than 40 g/day showed approximately a 2-fold increase in the risk of breast cancer (relative risk, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.3). A 2-fold increase in risk was observed for consumptions of more than 40 g/day of alcohol from wine, the most common alcoholic beverage in this population. These findings suggest that an association between alcohol intake and breast cancer may exist. However, the moderate risk observed seems to be limited to the relatively small group of women consuming daily amounts of alcohol in excess of 40 g, the equivalent of about half a bottle of wine or more.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1989

[Design and implementation of a multicenter case-control study on bladder cancer in Spain].

The aim of a case-control design is to make a measurement of the highest possible accuracy, reducing to a minimum the possible selection, information and confusion biases. The design, methods and procedures of a multicentric study carried out in 14 hospitals from 4 autonomous communities in Spain are discussed. Overall 254 incident cases, 243 prevalent cases, 583 hospital controls and 530 population controls were included. The proportion of nonresponders was somewhat higher in population controls, particularly in large cities. Statistically significant differences between cases and controls were not found for socioeconomic levels, educational level, number of jobs, degree of response, duration of the interview, and errors of transcription and codification of information. Also, significant differences were not found between the population and hospital controls regarding diet habits and cigarette smoking. It is considered that a non-biased measurement of the association can be obtained from cases and hospital controls. The collected information was satisfactory. In spite of the lack of adequate facilities for research in hospitals, the development of multicentric etiologic studies is feasible.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Calorie-providing nutrients and risk of breast cancer.

A case-control study was conducted in Italy to investigate the role of diet in breast cancer. Cases were 250 women with breast cancer, and controls were a stratified random sample of 499 women from the general population. A dietary history questionnaire was used to measure the intake of total fat, saturated fat, animal proteins, and other macronutrients. In multivariate analyses, the relative risks of breast cancer for women in the highest quintile of consumption of saturated fat and animal proteins were 3.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.9-4.7) and 2.9 (1.8-4.6), respectively. A reduced risk was found for women who derived less than 28% of calories from fat versus greater than 36%. A similarly reduced risk was found for women who derived less than 9.6% of calories from saturated fat or less than 5.9% from animal proteins. These data suggest that during adult life, a reduction in dietary intake of fat and proteins of animal origin may contribute to a substantial reduction in the incidence of breast cancer in population subgroups with high intake of animal products.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Passive smoking and lung cancer: current evidence and ongoing studies at the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

The evidence available from 3 cohort and 11 case-control studies investigating the relationship between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and lung cancer in non-smokers is reviewed. While it appears most likely that a causal relationship exists, the size of the effect, under different circumstances of exposures, remains to be accurately estimated. This requires studies using valid instruments (e.g., questionnaires) to quantitate exposures, and free as far as possible from biases. An investigation addressing this point is in progress under the coordination of the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Occupation and bladder cancer in Spain: a multi-centre case-control study.

A case-control study on bladder cancer was carried out in four regions of Spain. The study included 497 cases (438 males and 59 females), 583 hospital controls and 530 population controls matched by sex, age and residence. The present paper reports the results of the analyses on occupational history. Among men, an increased risk of bladder cancer was found for textile workers (OR = 1.97, 95% CL 1.2-3.3), mechanics and maintenance workers (OR = 1.86, 95% CL 1.2-2.8), workers in the printing industry (OR = 2.06, 95% CL 1.0-4.3) and for managers (OR = 2.03, 95% CL 1.2-3.5). The risk was highest among those first employed in the textile industry before the age of 25 and prior to 1960. Among mechanics the risk was highest for those who started after the age of 25 and later than 1960. The OR for smokers who had also been employed in one of the high risk occupations was 7.82 (95% CL 4.4-14.0) which is compatible with a multiplicative effect of joint exposure to tobacco and occupational hazards.

Aged↗