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Biomedical subjects

E Lund

Publications and source records attributed to E Lund.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Level of education, use of oral contraceptives and reproductive factors: the Tromsø Study.

High social class has been linked to increased risk of breast cancer. The present study elaborates the associations between a frequently-used indicator of social class, length of education, and some reproductive factors associated with risk of breast cancer (age at menarche, the number of children, age at first pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives) in 8030 women in Tromsø, Norway. We found a weak negative association between level of education and age at menarche and a stronger negative association with parity. Women with high level of education tended to have their first pregnancy relatively late in life and more frequently reported ever use of oral contraceptives. These relationships support the notion that the difference in the incidence of breast cancer between women with high and low social class may be due to reproductive factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of experimental mink enteritis virus infection in mink: in situ hybridization, serology, and histopathology.

Strand-specific hybridization probes were used in in situ hybridization studies to localize cells containing mink enteritis virus (MEV) virion DNA or MEV replicative-form DNA and mRNA. Following the experimental MEV infection of 3-month-old unvaccinated mink, a significant increase in serum antibodies to MEV was detected at postinfection day (PID) 6, 2 days after the onset of fecal shedding of virus. Prior to the appearance of virus in feces, viral DNA could be detected in the mesenteric lymph node and intestine. The largest percentage of cells positive for virion DNA was 10% and was detected in the intestine on PID 6. However, replication of the virus apparently peaked at PID 4. The number of MEV replicative-form DNA and mRNA molecules was found to be approximately 250,000 copies per infected lymph node cell or crypt epithelial cell. The localization, levels, and time course of viral replication have important implications for the pathogenesis of MEV-induced disease. The data presented on MEV are correlated with earlier results on the other mink parvovirus, Aleutian mink disease parvovirus, and a possible explanation for the remarkable differences in pathogenesis of disease caused by these two parvoviruses is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Pattern of childbearing and mortality in married women--a national prospective study from Norway.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different pattern of childbearing on total mortality. DESIGN: A cohort study with all currently married women aged 25 years or more at the Norwegian census in 1970 with follow up to the end of 1985. Information on childbearing was obtained by questionnaires collected by enumerators. Follow up on death was found by a linkage based on the unique Norwegian identification number, between census information and the death register in the Central Bureau of Statistics. SETTING: The study was a national population survey. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 822,593 women with 11.5 million years of follow up and 112,023 deaths. MAIN RESULTS: Nulliparous women had higher mortality than parous women in all age groups. Parity showed a weak association with increasing mortality among high parous women. Lowest mortality was found for parous women with 2-4 children and a late first and last birth, adjusted for socioeconomic group by level of women's education. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that postponed childbearing may benefit the health of women.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Morphine-6-glucuronide might mediate the prolonged opioid effect of morphine in acute renal failure.

1. A 43-year-old male developed acute kidney failure due to ethylene glycol poisoning. He was treated with bicarbonate to combat metabolic acidosis, ethanol as an antimetabolite and haemodialysis to remove the glycol and its toxic metabolites. He was kept on a respirator and sedated with morphine. Peritoneal dialysis was given for 36 d. Following sedation with morphine for 11 d, the patient was given naloxone and then extubated. The antidote had to be continued for 14 d to prevent respiratory depression, until kidney function improved. 2. Only morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G) was found in the plasma and CSF at concentrations which might explain the opioid effects observed in the patient during the days after the cessation of morphine treatment. The ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G) to M-6-G was 2:1. The elimination half-lives of M-3-G and M-6-G were 55 and 82 h, respectively. The clearance data indicate that most of the glucuronides were eliminated by peritoneal dialysis during renal failure. 3. The data suggest that M-6-G exerts opioid effects and is retained in acute kidney failure. Morphine should therefore not be used preferentially as a sedative/analgesic in pronounced kidney failure.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1989

Reproductive histories and premenopausal breast cancer: different estimates using population, neighborhood, or hospital controls.

The difference in estimates of odds ratio for reproductive factors and premenopausal breast cancer in case-control studies may be due to selection bias from the use of different types of controls. In a national case-control study in Norway a total of 105 patients (92% of those eligible) under 40 years of age were interviewed. Three different series of controls were selected: two population controls (71% of all eligible) matched on date of birth were drawn from a central register covering all residents in Norway; one neighborhood control (72%) matched on month and year of birth and postal address; and one hospital control (89%) matched on a 5-year age group. Matched, adjusted analysis gave similar estimates of odds ratio for population and neighborhood controls for age at menarche, age at first full term pregnancy, and parity. Use of hospital controls yielded different estimates for age at menarche and age at first full term pregnancy; the latter was found to be a stronger risk factor with use of hospital controls. The study indicates that the use of hospital controls can give estimates of odds ratios for reproductive histories which differ from estimates based on population controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Subfertility and infertility. A sample of Norwegian women].

Infertility is a major concern in Norwegian society. There is an increase in the demand for treatment of reproductive impairment in many countries today. It is not known if this is due to an increase in the frequency of subfertility. In this study the frequency of permanent unvoluntary childlessness among women participating in a case-control study on breast cancer is 3.2%. Infertility is experienced throughout the reproductive period by 9%, and 15% have sought medical services for infertility problems. These results agree with comparable results in other studies. We discuss the consequences for the amount of infertility health services that will be needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Air pollution from the Soviet Union and mortality in Finnmark].

The effect of airborne pollution, especially nickel, from Kola has been studied in 10,612 persons who participated in a cardiovascular screening survey in Finnmark in 1974-75. The age-range was 35-49 years and a follow-up for death was conducted up to 1985. Men living in the community of Sør-Varanger (close to the border) had a relative risk (RR) for death from diseases of 1.2 (95% confidence intervall; 0.9-1.6) compared with the rest of Finnmark, for women RR = 1.1. The increase in mortality for men was due to infactus cordis RR = 1.5 (1.0-2.4), and was not consistent for women (RR = 0.9). The study does not support the view that air pollution in this area has increased the risk of death.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Occurrence and mortality of breast cancer in Norway. Can early diagnosis explain the different trends?].

A comparison is made between incidence rates of breast cancer 1956-85 and mortality rates for Norwegian women 1951-85. The trends are very different. While all age-specific incidence rates have increased steadily, mortality rates have remained stable in women younger than 70 years and have increased slowly among older women. Different explanations are discussed, with the focus on early diagnostic methods and possible implications for future mammographic screening.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

In vitro synthesis of vertebrate U1 snRNA.

We have developed a DNA-dependent in vitro transcription system for vertebrate snRNA genes. By isolating the nuclei (germinal vesicles, GVs) of Xenopus laevis oocytes under oil to maintain the in vivo composition of their internal milieu, we are able to prepare nuclei that retain their ability to synthesize snRNAs efficiently. Homogenates of these GVs synthesize correctly initiated and terminated U1 snRNA using exogenous X.laevis U1 genes as templates. The templates may be either injected into the nucleus prior to its isolation or added to the nuclear homogenate.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Megestrol acetate versus aminoglutethimide for metastatic breast cancer.

In this prospective, randomized study the clinical response and toxicity of megestrol acetate (MA) and aminoglutethimide (AG) as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer was compared. 176 patients were included, and 150 received treatment greater than 8 weeks and are evaluable for treatment response. The two groups did not differ with regard to prognostic factors. Response rate for the AG and MA groups were 34% and 31% respectively, with duration of response of 13.1 and 13.0 months. Stable disease was obtained in 33% and 35% respectively. No difference was observed in survival. Side effects occurred more frequently in the AG group (42%) than in the MA group (18%).

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Breast cancer and oral contraceptives: patterns of risk among parous and nulliparous women--further analysis of the Swedish-Norwegian material.

A Swedish-Norwegian case-control study comprising 473 women less than 45 years old with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer diagnosed in 1984-85, and 722 age-matched control women, was reanalyzed to evaluate if nulliparous women who had used oral contraceptives (OCs) were at particular risk for breast cancer. The relative risk for nulliparous women who had used OCs for eight years or more was 4.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-13.1), and parous women with the same duration of use had relative risk 1.7 (0.7-4.2) as compared to nulliparous and parous women, respectively, who had never used OCs. Parous women who had used OCs for twelve years or more after their first full-term pregnancy had a relative risk of 3.0 (1.3-7.4). The findings from the study suggest that nulliparous women may be particularly susceptible to the risk for breast cancer with long-term OC use.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Postoperative changes after bilateral mandibular osteotomies: a computed tomography study.

Twelve patients undergoing bilateral osteotomy of the ramus of the mandible were examined with CT preoperatively and postoperatively. The maximum area of the cheek and oropharynx was measured together with the thickness of the masseter muscle and the overlying subcutaneous tissue. The preoperative CT examinations showed wide anatomic variations. The postoperative examinations showed a diminished oropharynx lumen of approximately 43%. Swelling of the cheek averaged 61% and was associated with the well-vascularized masseter muscle. The TMJs were measured and a slight widening of the joint space was found postoperatively.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Prognostic factors for patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer, limited disease. The importance of patients' subjective experience of disease and psychosocial well-being.

In a prospective controlled clinical trial, 102 patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), limited disease, stage II and III were treated with combination chemotherapy, cisplatin 70 mg/m2 i.v. on day one and etoposide 100 mg/m2 i.v. on day one, and etoposide 200 mg/m2 orally on days 2 and 3, or radiotherapy given in 15 fractions of 2.8 Gy with two anterior/posterior fields during a period of three weeks. The patients completed a validated self-administered questionnaire before the start of treatment that assessed their psychosocial well-being, disease-related symptoms, personal functioning, and everyday activity. These subjective variables were evaluated together with treatment modality, WHO performance status, weight loss, and stage of disease, with regard to their value in predicting survival. Univariate survival analyses were undertaken for each individual factor, median survival was calculated according to life-table analyses. A step-wise multiple regression analysis was used to measure the prognostic value of the various factors. In the univariate analysis, general symptoms (p = 0.0006) psycho-social well-being (p = 0.0002) and stage of disease (p = 0.007) were the best predictive factors. In the multiple regression analyses the subjective variables, general symptoms (p less than 0.01) and psychosocial well-being (p less than 0.05) were shown to have the best predictive value for the patients' survival.

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung↗
PubMed1989

The validity of different control groups in a case-control study. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer in young women.

The possible selection bias due to the use of different series of controls in case-control studies has been analysed in the Norwegian part of a joint national case-control study in Sweden and Norway of oral contraceptive (OC) use and breast cancer in young women. A total of 105 cases diagnosed 1984-1985 were interviewed in addition to 210 population controls matched for age, 104 neighbourhood controls matched for age and postal address, and 96 hospitals controls matched for age. The relative risk was for each of the sets of controls 1.0 for 8 years and more of total use of OCs (adjusted for age at menarche, parity, age at first full term pregnancy, history of breast cancer in mother, history of benign breast biopsy). An additional questionnaire was sent to those who did not wish to participate (non-attenders). A slight selection bias was found for the population controls with more nulliparous never-users of OCs among the non-attenders than among interviewed controls.

Adult↗