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Biomedical subjects

E Kaiser

Publications and source records attributed to E Kaiser.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Clinical biochemistry of neuron specific enolase.

The soluble brain protein 14-3-2 first described by Moore and McGregor in 1965 is now known to be a cell specific isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase (EC 4.2.1.11), designated neuron specific enolase (NSE). It is not only a marker for all types of neurons, but also for all neuroendocrine or paraneuronal cells. The appearance of NSE is a late event in neural differentiation, thus making NSE a useful index of neural maturation. The demonstration that tumors of the nervous system and of neuroendocrine origin contain NSE has promoted the study of NSE as a possible tumor marker. Immunocytochemistry has been used to identify NSE in cytologic preparations from several types of tumors, offering useful indications for differential diagnosis. NSE levels in serum from tumor patients are not useful in the diagnosis of early stage disease. However, serum NSE levels have been shown to be helpful in the identification of advanced small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma and several other neoplasms. The main use of serum NSE is the monitoring of chemotherapy and the detection of a relapse in these cases.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical chemistry in Austria].

A historical review is presented of the development of clinical chemistry in Austria. The present status of clinical chemistry in Austria and certain topical problems are discussed.

Austria↗
PubMed1989

Influence of cell cycle on glutathione-S-transferase, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels in human myeloid leukaemia cell lines.

An important biological function of glutathione (GSH) resides in the detoxication reactions mediated by enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). An increasing body of evidence implies that GSH and these enzymes play important roles in determining the sensitivity of tumours against cytotoxic drugs like quinone antibiotics, in particular adriamycin (Adr). In the present study, we have analysed the effects of cell-cycle on GSH and GSH-dependent enzymes in an attempt to explain cell-cycle specificity of these antileukaemic drugs which were shown to be involved in free-radical-type reactions. Determination of GSH, GST, GPX and superoxide dismutase in cell-cycle-enriched fractions of five different human myeloid leukaemia cell lines (KG1, K562, U937, ML-1 and ML-2) yielded results identical to those obtained in random cultures, which implies that neither GSH nor GSH-related enzymes are cell-cycle regulated. These findings argue against the presumption that cell-cycle specificity of cytotoxic drugs like Adr could be due to the glutathione-dependent metabolism in myeloid leukaemia cell lines.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1988

S-adenosylmethionine metabolism in HL-60 cells: effect of cell cycle and differentiation.

The effect of the cell cycle and differentiation on S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) metabolism in HL-60 cells has been investigated. Synthesis and pool sizes of SAM and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) were cell-cycle-independent (SAM, 315 microM; SAH, 4.6 microM). The SAM-synthase (ATP: L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase) of HL-60 cells has a Km for methionine of 12.8 +/- 2.0 microM and thus appears to be of the intermediate Km type found in other malignant tissues. The enzyme does not show cell-cycle regulation. Treatment of cells with DMSO resulted in a rapid and marked decrease of SAM and SAH levels without affecting pool turnover or the SAM/SAH ratio. A decrease in SAM concentration could also be observed in a variant cell line resistant to differentiation with DMSO. DMSO inhibited SAM-synthase in cell-free extracts. This inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to L-methionine. Inhibition of SAM-synthase by cycloleucine lowered SAM levels in intact cells, but resulted in differentiation of only a minor percentage of cells. These data indicate that changes in SAM and SAH levels in HL-60 cells seem to be a consequence rather than a cause of differentiation.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1988

Clinical biochemistry of peroxisomal disorders.

Peroxisomes have been shown to participate in a variety of pathological processes. Peroxisomal anomalities are central features of Zellweger's cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, infantile Refsum's disease and several other genetic metabolic disorders (pseudo-Zellweger syndrome, Leber congenital amaurosis, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata). In disorders with general loss of peroxisomal functions (Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, infantile Refsum's disease) an accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids and pathological bile acids are found. Patients have a defective synthesis of plasmalogens and show increased excretion of dicarboxylic acids of medium chain length and of pipecolic acid in the urine. These anomalities which are due to the lack of peroxisomal enzymes, supply the basis for clinical laboratory tests. The study of these peroxisomal disorders has presented valuable information on the normal function of peroxisomes.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Acatalasia discovered by accident during a disk operation.

During a disk operation, the wound was flushed with hydrogen peroxide, resulting in a blackish brown discoloration of the musculature without the formation of foam. Clinical observation caused the experienced biochemist to make the diagnosis of suspected acatalasia, a rare congenital metabolic defect which is inherited autosomally recessively. Investigation of the catalase activity in the hemolysate of the patient and his brother confirmed this suspicion and resulted in the first diagnosis of this condition in Austria.

Acatalasia↗
PubMed1988

Determination of triacylglycerols in serum by capillary gas chromatography with trinonadecanoylglycerol as internal standard.

An accurate capillary gas-chromatographic method with trinonadecanoylglycerol as internal standard for determining triacylglycerols in human serum and other biological sources is described. After serum extraction, total triacylglycerol and triacylglycerol species (differing in the number of carbon atoms in the acyl radicals) are directly determined without any further sample manipulation. In addition, from the same gas-chromatographic run the data obtained by the integrator record are compared with those of a computer data acquisition system. Evaluation of the triacylglycerol values resulted in a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.08% (computer evaluation). Simultaneous evaluation of data obtained from tripalmitoylglycerol and tristearoylglycerol standards resulted in CV of 2.04 and 1.99%, respectively (computer evaluation), and 6.63 and 4.84%, respectively (integrator evaluation). Gas chromatography at lower elution temperature resulted in better separations but enhanced CV values up to about 4%. Triacylglycerol values were not influenced by storage of plasma at -20 degrees C up to 4 days prior to extraction.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1988

[Heterotopic cartilage tissue in the uterus. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature].

The occurrence of heterotopic cartilage islands (HKI) in the uterus wall is a rare event. So far, less than 50 cases have been reported. The present paper describes two additional cases and renders a review of the pertinent literature. The following topics are discussed: epidemiology, localization, morphology, clinical findings, etiology and pathogenesis. The vast majority of the HKI will result from displacement and retention of fetal tissues in the uterine wall. In exceptional cases, a development of HKI due to metaplasia may be discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Regulation of the coagulation system by vascular endothelial cells.

The endothelium plays an active role in the regulation of the coagulation mechanism. Multiple anticoagulant properties are operative on the cell surface in homeostasis. In the protein C/protein S pathway, for example, endothelium provides cofactors promoting activation of protein C, assembly of the activated protein C/protein S complex, and synthesizes protein S. In contrast, following exposure to cytokines and other pathologic stimuli, endothelial cell activation occurs. This activated state includes upregulation of procoagulant properties, such as tissue factor, with concomitant downregulation of anticoagulant cofactors, such as thrombomodulin. Modulation of endothelial cell coagulant properties by cytokines provides a mechanism linking activation of the clotting mechanism to the cellular response to environmental stimuli.

Biological Factors↗
PubMed1987

Liver structure and function during long-term treatment with cyproterone acetate.

Animal experiments and clinical observations have raised the question of liver function in patients on long-term, high-dose administration of sex steroids. The effective treatment of androgenisation demands the prolonged administration of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CPA), which is also a highly effective progestogen. Biochemical tests of liver function and ultrasonographic examinations were performed in 77 women who had been treated with CPA given in the reverse sequential scheme - 100 mg CPA/day from the 1st-10th day combined with 2 mg CPA + 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol/day from the 1st-21st day of each treatment cycle - for 3 to 11 years. No disturbances of the liver structure or function were found.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Anatomy and clinical aspects of sartoriusplasty].

According to Mathes and Nahai (1982) the sartorius muscle is supplied in a segmental fashion (Type IV) from six to ten branches arising from the superficial femoral artery. They state that the use of this flap is limited because of the segmental blood supply. In contrast, dissecting 40 cadaver specimens at the Anatomy Department of Munich University a different vascular anatomy was revealed in which only two to four branches from the femoral artery supply the whole muscle. Based on this pattern of intramuscular vascular connections, the most proximal arterial branch provides the blood supply to the whole muscle. Elevated on the proximal vascular pedicle the muscle can cover defects of symphysis, fill the acetabulum following disarticulation of the septic hip joint and osteomyelitic defects of femur.

Arteries↗
PubMed1986

[Clinical experience with Diane-35, currently the lowest dose antiandrogenic hormonal ovulation inhibitor, in mild to moderative androgenization in the female].

Low-dose hormonal contraceptives with specifically reduced estrogen are now the drug of choice for the prevention of internal risks. The antiandrogenic hormonal contraceptives have also had to be adapted to this situation. In a study involving 144 women, most of whom were suffering from moderately severe androgenization, Diane-35 (reduced to 0.035 mg ethinyl estradiol) was used as an antiandrogenically active hormonal contraceptive. From the sixth treatment cycle onward acne and seborrhea were significantly improved or already healed. In the 12th treatment cycle the treatment success rate was almost 90%. The side effects occurring with higher-dose hormonal contraceptives were reduced, cycle behavior was acceptable, and the incidence of metrorrhagia corresponded to that found with other micropills.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1986

Studies on the effects of L-thyroxine, L-carnitine and an L-thyroxine-L-carnitine combination on dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine content and on phosphatidylcholine species composition in fetal rat lungs.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of maternal carnitine treatment combined with thyroxine, a hormone influencing both lung maturation and carnitine metabolism. Administration of a carnitine-thyroxine combination to pregnant rats resulted in a significant increase of DPPC content in fetal rat lungs to 8.8 +/- 1.8 mg/g dry weight (mean +/- SD), compared with the control group, the carnitine-treated group, and the thyroxine-treated group [5.4 +/- 1.8 (p less than 0.01), 5.6 +/- 1.5 (p less than 0.01), and 6.6 +/- 1.0 mg/g dry weight, respectively]. The portion of DPPC in the PC species increased significantly from 20.9 +/- 2.1% in the control group and to 27.2 +/- 3.5% (p less than 0.01) in the carnitine-thyroxine combination group. A significant (p less than 0.01) diminution of the palmitoyl-palmitoleyl PC (16:0/16:1-PC) portion in the PC species was found. Maternal carnitine administration resulted in an elevation of the carnitine levels in the fetal lungs to approximately twice those of the controls (p less than 0.01). The combined administration of carnitine and thyroxine resulted in no increase in the total carnitine content but in a significant (p less than 0.01) increase of the short chain acylcarnitine content. The present results demonstrate that carnitine potentiates the effects of thyroxine on DPPC content and support the concept of an interrelationship between carnitine and thyroxine metabolism.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗