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Biomedical subjects

E J Ford

Publications and source records attributed to E J Ford.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Absorption and excretion of organic compounds of copper by sheep.

When sheep are injected subcutaneously with copper calcium edetate or copper oxyquinoline sulphonate there is a rapid increase in the concentration of copper in whole blood, serum and urine within the first 24 h. When sheep are injected with copper methionate the concentration of copper in whole blood and serum rises slowly over a period of about 10 days and there is no detectable increase in urinary copper. After the injection of each of the three compounds, there was a steady increase in the caeruloplasmin activity in serum over a period of 10 to 20 days, followed by a slow fall to pre-injection activity by 40 days. There was a marked increase in the beta-globulin fraction of serum 9 days after the injection of copper methionate but not after the other 2 compounds and the amounts of 2 copper containing proteins in liver were greater 60 days after the injection of copper methionate than after the injection of the other two compounds. The copper content of the 3 organic compounds is absorbed and excreted at different rates by sheep. The amounts of copper-containing protein produced in the liver also differ according to the organic component of the compound injected. The results suggest that the lower toxicity of copper injected as methionate compared with that injected as copper calcium edetate or copper oxyquinoline sulphonate is due to the slower absorption and transport of the copper to the liver and kidney.

Absorption↗
PubMed1982

Changes in the liver copper content of Welsh mountain sheep after the injection of organic compounds of copper.

Subcutaneous injections of copper methionate, copper calcium edetate and copper oxyquinoline sulphonate were given to Welsh ewes in doses which provided amounts of copper ranging from 0 . 3 to 4 . 0 mg/kg bodyweight. The effect on the liver copper content was studied by analysing serial biopsy samples. The results suggest that a safer use of copper calcium edetate and a more efficacious use of copper oxyquinoline sulphate might be achieved by a reduction in the recommended dose of the former and an increase of the latter.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Glucose utilization in the horse.

1. Total entry, irreversible loss and recycling rates of glucose were measured in four non-pregnant female Shetland ponies before and after a 24 h fast by the continuous intravenous infusion of a mixture of [U-14C]glucose and [2-3H]glucose. 2. The post-fasting fall in the concentration of glucose and the rise in the concentration of ketones in plasma were not significant. 3. After fasting the total entry rate fell from 1.44 +/- 0.11 (n4) to 1.19 +/- 0.12 mg/min per kg body-weight (P less than 0.01) and irreversible loss fell from 1.36 +/- 0.10 (n4) to 1.05 +/- 0.10 mg/min per kg body-weight (P less than 0.02). Recycling rate did not change significantly. 4. In one pony the intravenous infusion of glucose at rates of 0.52, 1.0 or 1.64 mg/min per kg body-weight had no appreciable effect on endogenous glucose production whereas in a second pony, similarly fed, total entry was depressed by 43% and irreversible loss by 54%. 5. Irreversible loss of glucose in the horse is similar to that of many other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The use of a modified bromosulphthalein excretion test for the measurement of hepatic blood flow in calves.

Single intravenous injections of bromosulphthalein (BSP) were given to calves before and at intervals after the oral administration of 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. The change in BSP concentration with time was analysed by computer to obtain the proportion of BSP extracted from plasma by hepatic cells (E) and the rate of hepatic blood flow (F). The increasing age of the normal calves during the 34 weeks of experiment had no significant effect on E or F. There was no significant effect of the duration of the fasciola lesion on E or F. When all tests on infected calves were compared as a group with tests on uninfected calves, there was a significant reduction in E(P less than 0.05) and in F(P less than 0.001) in the calves infected with F. hepatica. A survey of previously reported results suggests that sheep and cattle have a wide range of F values and that F is probably lower in 3-month-old calves than in adult cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Injection of sheep with organic compounds of copper.

Subcutaneous injections of up to 6 mg copper per kg body-weight as copper methionate (A) produced no deleterious effects in ewes. When copper was given in the form of copper calcium EDTA (B), deaths occurred within 48 hours of the subcutaneous injection of 3 or 4 mg copper per kg body-weight. There was centrilobular necrosis of the liver, necrosis of kidney tubules and excess fluid in the pleural and peritoneal cavities accompanied by the release of liver specific enzymes and a rise in the concentration of urea and creatinine in serum. The injection of 2 mg copper per kg body-weight produced a liver lesion at 48 hours with similar serum changes but recovery took place. Liver and kidney lesions occurred when the copper was in the form of diethylamine copper oxyquinoline sulphonate (C). In this case deaths occurred after the injection of 4, 3 or 2 mg copper per kg body-weight and liver damage followed by recovery was caused by 1 mg copper per kg body-weight. All compounds produced an increase in copper oxidase activity and in the concentration of copper in serum and whole blood. Compound A produced a slow increase in plasma copper concentration to a plateau between 5 and 10 days. Compounds B and C produced a rapid initial increase in the first few hours. The concentration fell rapidly for 12 or 24 hours and then more gradually. It is suggested that rapidity of absorption and transfer of copper to the liver and kidneys may be responsible for the toxic effects of compounds B and C.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The effects of progesterone on glucose and lactate metabolism in ovariectomized sheep.

In nine samples from four ovariectomized sheep the mean plasma concentration of progesterone was 0.19 +/- 0.04 ng/ml. After the subcutaneous implantation of 3 x 375 mg of progesterone in silicone rubber the concentration rose to 3.8 +/- 0.51 ng/ml at 48 h and fell steadily to 1.5 ng/ml at 21 days. Removal of the implants caused a reduction to pre-implantation values by 48 h. The increased concentration of circulating progesterone after implantation had no significant effect on the concentration of glucose in plasma, its total entry rate, irreversible loss or on plasma lactate concentration. Glucose recycling increased from 0.13 +/- 0.05 to 0.38 +/- 0.12 mg min-1 kg-1 (P less than 0.05). Lactate entry rate fell from 1.68 +/- 0.16 to 1.12 +/- 0.10 mg min-1 kg-1 (P less than 0.02). The total net formation of lactate from glucose fell from 0.56 +/- 0.05 to 0.41 +/- 0.08 mg min-1 kg-1 (P less than 0.05). The production of lactate from non-glucose substrates fell from 1.15 +/- 0.11 to 0.70 +/- 0.04 mg min-1 kg-1 (P less than 0.02). The utilization of lactate for purposes other than glucose synthesis fell from 1.50 +/- 0.14 to 0.97 +/- 0.09 mg min-1 kg-1 (P less than 0.05). The results support the view that progesterone produces an increase in glucose recycling by pathways involving compounds other than lactate.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Distribution of 5'-nucleotidase and gamma glutamyl transferase activities in the tissues of the horse.

In the horse, 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) activity is found mainly in homogenates of lung, kidney, small intestine, mammary gland, liver and pancreas. Lower activities are present in brain and muscle. Activity can be demonstrated histochemically in the glomeruli and tubules of the kidney, in the sinusoidal borders of the hepatocytes and the bile duct epithelium as well as in the blood vessels of all organs. There is no significant difference between the 5'-NT activity in serum and plasma of normal horses and of horses suffering from a range of orthopaedic conditions. Previous findings that gamma glutamyl transferase activity is greatest in kidney and high in liver and pancreas have been confirmed.

5'-Nucleotidase↗
PubMed1981

Gluconeogenesis from glycerol by ketotic sheep pregnant with twins.

The concentrations of glycerol and glucose in plasma, the entry rates of glycerol and glucose into the plasma pool and the production of glucose from glycerol were measured in four normal sheep pregnant with twins and in the same sheep after the induction of ketosis and after the oral administration of 3 ml/kg body-weight of glycerol in two doses six hours apart. After starvation there was a significant fall in the concentration of glucose and a rise in that of ketone bodies in the plasma. The rise in the concentration of glycerol was not significant. The divided oral dose of glycerol was followed by significant increases in the concentrations of glycerol and glucose and a significant fall in that of ketone bodies in plasma. After starvation, glucose and glycerol entry rates fell significantly from 42.0 +/- 3.5 to 18.1 +/- 1.4 mmol per hour and from 28.1 +/- 4.6 to 13.5 +/- 2.9 mmol per hour respectively. The amount of glucose formed from glycerol decreased from 5.4 +/- 1.2 to 3.0 +/- 0.5 mmol per hour. After a divided oral dose of glycerol, glycerol entry in the ketotic sheep rose significantly from 13.5 +/- 2.9 to 320 +/- 24.1 mmol per hour and glucose entry rate rose significantly from 18.1 +/- 1.4 to 71.5 +/- 10.1 mmol per hour. The amount of glucose produced from glycerol increased from 3.0 +/- 0.5 to 62.1 +/- 9.2 mmol per hour after the administration of glycerol. The oral dose of glycerol had no obvious effect on the clinical signs of induced ketosis.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1980

The effect of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on the concentrations of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate in the plasma of parturient cows.

135 Cows which were expected to produce a second or subsequent calf within 4--11 received an intramuscular injection of 500 micrograms 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OHD3). In those animals in which the interval between injection and calving was at least 7 d there was, at 7 d after injection of 1 alpha-OHD3, a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the blood plasma concentrations of Ca and Pi and a significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in that of Mg, compared with those in control animals. Within 24 h of calving there was a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the concentration of Pi but no change in Ca or Mg compared with pre-injection levels, whilst the control animals showed a significant fall (P less than 0.001) in the concentration of Ca and a rise in those of Pi (P less than 0.001) and Mg (P less than 0.05). There was a significant reduction (P less than 0.001) in the number of animals with hypocalcaemia (defined as a plasma Ca concentration less than 1.9 mmol/l) in all animals injected with 1 alpha-OHD3; this reduction was particularly marked when the interval between injection and calving was between 1 and 8 d. The previously reported reduction in the incidence of clinical milk fever is considered to be a consequence of the effect of 1 alpha-OHD3 on the concentration of Ca in plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The utilisation of glycerol by sheep.

Increased but steady concentrations of glycerol and glucose in carotid, jugular and portal plasma of sheep were obtained between 2.5 and 3.5 h after the second of two oral doses of glycerol (2 and a ml/kg body weight with a 6 h interval between) and the concentration of glycerol in portal plasma was greater than in the other vessels. During the last hour of a 3.5 h continuous infusion of [14C]glycerol and [3H]glucose, ie, between 2.5 and 3.5 h after the second dose of glycerol, specific radioactivity(SRA) of glycerol and of [14C] an [3H] glucose were measured in plasma obtained from the three previously mentioned sites in dosed and undosed sheep. Although in dosed sheep the SRA of glycerol in portal plasma was lower than that in jugular plasma, the difference was such that the SRA in jugular plasma could be used to calculate entry rates and the rate of production of glucose from glycerol. Mean (+/- SE) glycerol entry rate in four fed sheep increased from 9.2 +/- 1.2 to 62.7 +/- 0.9 mg C/min after a divided oral dose of glycerol. Mean glucose entry rate increased from 29.0 +/0 3.4 to 58.3 +/- 7.6 mg C/min. The amount of glucose which was derived from glycerol increased from 5.4 +/- 1.6 to 35.5 +/- 3.7 mg C/min. This increase accounted for the increase in total glucose entry.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

The effect of triamcinolone acetonide on plasma glucose and ketone concentration and on the total entry rate of glucose in twin pregnant hypoglycaemic ketotic sheep.

Hypoglycaemic ketosis clinically resembling pregnancy toxaemia was induced by starvation in Clun Forest sheep pregnant with twins. Total glucose entry was measured by the continuous infusion of trace amounts of (2-3H) glucose before and after the induction of ketosis and 24 h after the intramuscular injection of the ketotic sheep with triamcinolone acetonide (0.5 mg/kg). The concentration of glucose in plasma fell significantly after the induction of ketosis and rose significantly after the injection of steroid. The total entry rate of glucose fell significantly after the induction of ketosis and rose, but no significantly, after steroid injection. It is suggested that the dose of steroid which was used may inhibit glucose utilisation by peripheral tissues. The induction of ketosis significantly reduced the duration of pregnancy but the steroid injection did not produce a significant additional effect.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1978

1alpha hydroxycholecalciferol in the prevention of milk fever.

During the 12 months commencing July 1976 the animals in a herd of 400 Friesian cows which were carrying their second or later calf were injected intramuscularly with either microgram of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in 5 ml aqueous carrier or with 5 ml of carrier. The injections were randomised so that 135 of the 269 injected cows received the drug and 134 received the carrier solution. Ten of the experimental group (7.4 per cent) and 22 of the control group (16.4 per cent) had to be treated for milk fever, (P less than 0.08). The protective effect was greatest, (P less than 0.001), when the cows calved between one and eight days after injection of the drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The effect of ragwort (Senecio jacobea) on the liver of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) : a histopathological and enzyme histochemical study.

1. Twenty-five 1-week-old male chicks were fed for 6 weeks on a standard diet incorporating 7% dried and ground ragwort (Senecio jacobea). The chicks received the standard diet for a further 6 weeks whilst a control group of 25 similar birds received the standard diet throughout. 2. Two birds from each group were killed at intervals of about 1 week and their livers were examined histologically and histochemically. 3. Ragwort feeding caused megalocytosis, focal necrosis, focal hyperplasia and portal fibrosis. There were no veno-occlusive changes. 4. As the lesion progressed there was an overall loss of enzyme activity especially in the areas of necrosis. The groups of small hyperplastic cells showed normal or increased activity and there was increased enzyme activity in the megalocytes. 5. The development of groups of proliferating cells may be a prelude to the neoplastic changes described in earlier reports of longer term studies of the effects of pyrolizidine alkaloids on the liver of chicks.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1976

Ford EJ.

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Aminopyrine N-Demethylase↗