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Biomedical subjects

E H Cooper

Publications and source records attributed to E H Cooper.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Urinary protein isolation by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography.

Proteins excreted in urine, following renal failure, were analysed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. The analysis involved three steps: (1) removal of the low-molecular-weight fraction by rapid desalting, (2) anion exchange of the high-molecular-weight fraction by using combined salt and pH gradients and (3) further separation of the main peaks by chromatofocusing. The selection of the column and conditions were based on data obtained from electrophoretic titration curves. The purity of selected peaks was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
PubMed1983

Separation of urine proteins on the anion-exchange resin mono Q.

Proteins excreted in urine due to renal failure were separated on Mono Q, a new strong anion exchange designed for fast high-resolution protein separations. The separation procedure was divided into two steps. The first step involved removal of low-molecular-weight substances by rapid desalting on a Sephadex G-25 Superfine column. In the second step, the total protein fraction (3--6 ml) was loaded onto the Mono Q column with the aid of a superloop. The proteins were adsorbed onto the top of the ion-exchanger column and gradually displaced by a combined pH and salt gradient in 40 min. The choice of ion exchanger and initial operating conditions were based on data obtained from electrophoretic titration curve experiments. Identification of separated proteins was achieved by fused rocket electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
PubMed1983

Biochemical aids in the monitoring of patients with ovarian cancer.

A study of possible biochemical markers of tumor recurrence and progression was made in 93 patients with ovarian cancer followed longitudinally for up to 2 years during treatment by moderate or aggressive chemotherapy regimens. A panel of potential indicators was tested; the combination of serum albumin, C-reactive protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, and phosphohexose isomerase levels was found to provide information that is useful as an adjunct to the clinical assessment of patients with advanced disease. However, the system could not detect a small tumor burden. The level of beta 2-microglobulin may have value in those patients whose tumor is associated with an increase of this analyte (77%), but it would appear to reflect a large tumor mass. Serum CEA, carcino-placental alkaline phosphatase, transferrin, and prealbumin were not found to be helpful.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1983

Urinary protein profiles after burn injury.

A study of the change of urinary protein excretion has been made in 26 patients followed from the time of admission to time of discharge from the Yorkshire Regional Burn Centre (7-200 days). Total protein, IgG and albumin (as indicators of glomerular function) and alpha 1-microglobulin, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol binding protein and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (as indicators of proximal tubular function) as well as the patterns on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were examined. Patients were divided into three groups according to their urinary protein profiles. The first group was 3 patients who showed little or no evidence of proteinuria; the second group consisted of 7 patients who showed a mild and transient tubular proteinuria, all of whom recovered normal function within one week. The third group, 16 patients, developed moderate to severe proteinuria usually started as a mixed pattern of glomerular and tubular proteinuria, characterized by the excretion of a high level of total protein. After a few days, this pattern changed to a typical tubular proteinuria and the latter could last for as long as 200 days; in some of these patients a secondary increase of low molecular weight protein excretion occurred either due to a latent renal complication or induced by the administration of aminoglycosides. There is a close correlation between the intensity and patterns of the proteinuria and the severity and clinical progress of the burn.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1983

Multivariate analyses as aids to diagnosis and assessment of prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer.

The role of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT), phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), pseudouridine (psi) and acute phase reactant proteins (C-reactive protein (CRP) alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP] in assessing the prognosis of gastrointestinal neoplasms and the discriminant function in distinguishing benign from malignant diseases of the GI tract was examined. In stomach cancer pre-operative levels of CRP can help in the identification of the patients with a resectable tumour; the pre-operative biochemical measurements do not give any further information on prognosis once stage and site are taken into account. In colorectal cancer pre-operative ACT levels give additional prognostic information once the clinical factors, Dukes stage, sex and age have been accounted for; PHI levels are on the border line of significance. A discriminant function has been devised using sex, CEA, psi, gamma GT, ACT and PHI that can identify 89% of Dukes "D" patients prior to surgery with a misclassification of 7% of other cases of colorectal cancer. A discriminant function using all the biochemical variates separated the cancer from non-cancer patients. The false positive rate for cancer was 16% and a false negative rate of 19%, when the cut-off level was set at 0.7.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Alpha-1-microglobulin: an indicator protein for renal tubular function.

A comparison of urinary alpha 1-microglobulin concentrations to the behaviour of other indicators of renal tubular disorders, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) has been made. In acute tubular disorders the concentrations of urinary beta 2M and RBP are highly correlated (r = 0.89) but this is less marked for alpha 1M and beta 2M (r = 0.55) and alpha 1M and RBP r = 0.48. NAG tends to run a parallel course to alpha 1M concentrations but lags behind the recovery of low molecular weight protein reabsorption following injury of the tubular cells. The concentrations of alpha 1M, and in particular its stability at low pH suggest that this protein may be useful in screening for tubular abnormalities and detecting chronic asymptomatic renal tubular dysfunction. Urinary alpha 1M greater than 15 mg/g creatinine is strongly suspicious of a proximal tubular dysfunction. The distinction between pure tubular proteinuria and mixed glomerular and tubular proteinuria requires further analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of serum amyloid A protein and C-reactive protein concentrations in cancer and non-malignant disease.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations correlate well with C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. However, SAA is sometimes raised in disease when CRP is normal. This appears to occur more often in certain diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis. SAA concentrations did not distinguish between cancer with and without metastases as previously indicated, although mean concentrations were higher in more advanced tumours. Despite the higher sensitivity of SAA over CRP in the inflammatory response, SAA has little advantage over CRP in the assessment of malignant disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Serum beta-2-microglobulin in disorders of myeloid proliferation.

Serum beta-2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) was measured on 182 samples from 98 patients with diseases characterized by proliferation of predominantly non-lymphoid marrow elements. Raised levels were found in myeloproliferative disorders, chronic granulocytic leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia and in many patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. The most striking elevation was seen in acute and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. These raised serum levels are probably derived from increased cell turnover, and it is suggested that cells of monocyte-macrophage series are particularly high producers of beta 2-m.

Anemia, Aplastic↗
PubMed1983

Monitoring of prostatic cancer by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum prostatic acid phosphatase.

A longitudinal study of serum prostatic acid phosphatase (sPAP) in 167 cases of carcinoma of the prostate was made using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The sensitivity of the assay was valuable in accurately exploring the low levels of sPAP achieved after treatment by orchidectomy or oestrogens. For the majority of patients with metastatic disease, treatment resulted in the level of sPAP falling to normal within 3-9 months, but in about half of these patients the level of sPAP had begun to increase again, exponentially, within 2 years. This exponentially rising level of sPAP was well correlated with evidence of progression as indicated by bone scans. The rise of sPAP in M1 disease could not be accounted for by an attenuation of the suppression of testosterone. After hormone manipulation in M0 disease the sPAP generally fell to below 1.5 ng/ml and remained at this level for the duration of the study. In untreated M0 disease there were small fluctuations in the level of sPAP, and it had a higher baseline level. In both treated and untreated patients a rising level of sPAP above normal tended to indicate tumour progression.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1983

The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis: enhanced sensitivity from an ELISA assay of lipase.

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human pancreatic lipase was compared, for diagnostic sensitivity, to a chromogenic assay of total plasma amylase in 37 patients with acute pancreatitis. Data from patients were related to a control group of 38 patients with gastrointestinal disease but without pancreatic diseases. During the first 24 hours of admission, lipase was elevated 131 standard deviations (SD) above the mean of the control range compared to 25 SD for amylase (p less than 0.001). When amylase fell to within the control range (less than 531 iu/l) lipase was still elevated at a mean of 11 SD above the control mean. In patients followed for longer, lipase usually remained above normal for at least ten days, whereas amylase lay within 1 SD of the mean of the control samples in most plasma samples after 4 days. These data show that lipase is considerably more sensitive than total amylase for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Applications of fast protein liquid chromatography TM in the separation of plasma proteins in urine and cerebrospinal fluid.

Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography TM (FPLC), in which an anion-exchange column is used, provides rapid separation and reproducible profiling of the plasma proteins in urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Chromatographic separation of the proteins takes 1 h for urine specimens and 45 min for CSF. The elution sequence from the anion-exchange column is similar to the electrophoretic mobility. Individual proteins have the same retention times independently of which type of specimen is used. The elution characteristics of 21 plasma proteins have been identified. We illustrated some applications of this system, including the profiling of tubular protein-uria, the isolation of Bence Jones proteins from urine, and the investigation of hemoglobin-derived products in the CSF.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The amylase-to-creatinine clearance ratio--a non-specific response to acute illness?

It was felt that the apparent specificity of the amylase-to-creatine clearance ratio (ACCR) in several previous studies of pancreatitis might reflect a failure to utilize adequately ill control subjects. The ACCR and the renal clearances of beta 2-microglobulin (B2-m), similarly related to creatinine (BCCR) as well as the urinary concentration of albumin, were compared in 27 patients with acute pancreatitis, 8 with a perforated peptic ulcer and 7 with mild biliary colic, during the first 5 days in hospital. Acute pancreatitis was graded as mild (6), moderate (14) or severe (7), using a combination of clinical data, diagnostic peritoneal lavage and multiple criteria. Further assessment of the severity of the acute illness was obtained from measurement of C-reactive protein (C-RP). Lowest C-RP levels were found in the patients with mild pancreatitis and biliary colic, and highest levels in the patients with severe pancreatitis and perforated ulcer (P less than 0.002). Similarly, ACCR and BCCR levels were significantly lower in the two mild groups than in the two severe ones (P less than 0.01 and less than 0.002 respectively), although plasma amylase was raised only in patients with pancreatitis and plasma B2-m was similar in all groups. Electrophoresis of urine showed dense bands of tubuloprotein in patients from both severe groups. Urine albumin was higher in severe pancreatitis than in perforated ulcer (P less than 0.1), perhaps indicating a more specific glomerular lesion in pancreatitis. Thus a rise in amylase clearance appeared to be related to the severity of the acute illness, and may be a component of a non-specific tubuloproteinuria. In this study patients with a perforated peptic ulcer had increases in ACCR similar to those seen in patients with severe pancreatitis, and we are therefore doubtful whether ACCR has any role in the clinical diagnosis of pancreatic disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Limitations of using pregnancy-associated alpha-2 glycoprotein as a tumour marker.

The development of a new enzyme-linked immunoassay for pregnancy-associated alpha-2 glycoprotein (alpha 2-PAG) has provided an opportunity to reassess the value of this protein as a tumour marker. Serum samples from 800 healthy individuals and patients with various benign and malignant diseases were assayed. There was a very wide range of alpha 2-PAG levels in normal females (1- greater than 100 mg/l), and although the levels found in normal males were lower and better defined, this intrinsic variation between individuals makes a single determination in a tumour-bearing patient meaningless. Also, the levels of alpha 1-PAG in patients with advanced cancer were not significantly different from levels in localized cancer, benign disease or even healthy controls, and furthermore, levels before and after successful cancer treatment did not show a significant change. Our results therefore indicate that alpha 2-PAG is unsuitable for use as a tumour marker as there was no apparent relationship between the levels of alpha 2-PAG and either tumour burden or response to treatment.

Adolescent↗