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Biomedical subjects

D Salmon

Publications and source records attributed to D Salmon.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[DNA polymorphism: comparison of allelic frequencies obtained with two HVR probes in a population from Northeastern Brazil and in two other ethnic groups].

DNAS from 325 individuals representing 2 different populations (234 Brazilians and 91 Asiatics) were analysed for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs). These DNAs were digested with Pvu II enzyme and successively hybridized to two HVR probes: alpha globin-3'HVR and Mucin-HVR. An allele frequency distribution was determined for each couple probe/enzyme and each ethnic groupe studied. The results were compared with frequencies observed in french population and we showed that there is no statistic significant difference between allele frequencies obtained with the couple probe/enzyme 3'HVR/Pvu II in Brazilian and French populations. We also showed that both populations studied (Brazilian and Asiatic) do not follow a Hardy-Weinberg balance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Resting energy expenditure is increased in stable, malnourished HIV-infected patients.

Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by reference to body composition in 50 malnourished patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and compared with that of 14 healthy subjects. Among HIV patients, 40 had acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 10 had AIDS-related complex (ARC). All were in stable condition and had a previous history of progressive wasting, ie, a mean body weight loss of 14.2 +/- 8.1 kg over 16.6 mo (range 2-49 ms). The mean REE was 14% higher than estimated basal energy expenditure (EBEE), according to the Harris and Benedict formula. Thirty-four patients (68%) were classified as hypermetabolic (REE greater than 110% EBEE). The best predictable variable for REE was fat-free mass (FFM), as determined by an anthropometric method (r = 0.72; P less than 0.001). The mean REE was 12% higher in HIV patients than in the control group FFM (156 +/- 19 vs 124 +/- 17 kJ.kg FFM-1.d-1). We concluded that in stable and malnourished HIV patients, the progressive wasting may be partly related to an increase in REE. The mechanism of this hypermetabolic state remains to be established.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1991

Acceleration of hemopoietic recovery after autologous bone marrow transplantation by low doses of peripheral blood stem cells.

Twenty patients with advanced malignant disease submitted to autologous bone marrow transplantation with marrow either unpurged (10 patients) or purged in vitro with mafosfamide (10 patients) after ablative chemotherapy, received simultaneously autologous peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) collected during one to three 3 h cytapheresis procedures. The kinetics of the hematological recovery of these patients were compared to those of a group of patients suffering from similar diseases and grafted in the same institution with either unpurged marrow only (14 patients) or purged in vitro with mafosfamide (six patients). The median times to reach 10(9)/l leukocytes, 0.5 x 10(9)/l polymorphs, and 50 x 10(9)/l platelets were reduced by 10, 10, and 13 days, respectively, in patients transfused with both autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells as compared to those receiving bone marrow only. A reduction in the numbers of days spent in hospital post-transplantation (p less than 0.01), of days of fever greater than 38 degrees C (p = NS), and of platelet (p = 0.07) and of red blood cell transfusions (p less than 0.01) were also observed in the group of patients grafted with bone marrow and PBSC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Antimalarials and pregnancy].

Paludism can occur quite easily in pregnant women in endemic zones, above all those who are primiparous or in their 2nd or 3rd terms. The onset of paludal attacks can be serious for both the mother and the child. That is to say, besides the obviously imperative therapeutic action, a prophylaxis is also a necessity. The use of antipaludial substances at our disposal has been complicated during the last few years as a result of chloroquine-resistance extension. Besides a few nuances of kinetic nature observed in pregnant women, a good knowledge of teratogenous or embryotoxic effects is necessary. But this remains fragmentary. Among the principal antipaludial medications is quinine (Q), reported to be abortifacient but in reality it is not: it is often poorly tolerated by the mother (hypoglycemia), but is not responsible for abnormalities in children, except under large doses. Chloroquine (CQ), considered to be without harmful effects, can be used in women without large restrictions, even if toxic effects have been observed in animals. The pyrimethamine-sulfanilamide (P-S) combination contains two substances which are a potential risk. Nevertheless, experiments have never showed harmful effects in pregnant women, particularly when under cover of a joint prescription of folinic acid. Proguanil is without doubt the only molecule which can be used without restriction. Two new medications, quinoline methanol, Mefloquine (MQ) and Halofantrine (HF) are contra-indicated for lack of experimentation and because of some abnormalities observed at high doses in animals. Artemisinine and amino-8-quinoline are contra-indicated, and cyclines are strongly inadvised. From the practical point of view, the present use of antipaludial medication in pregnancy should take into account the surrounding risk, namely that of paludism and of treatments. Curatively, Q remains a serious treatment in any form. In CQ-sensitive zones CQ is usable unreservedly in simple attacks. In CQ resistance zones the use of Q seems preferable to that of Fansidar proposed by certain people. MQ and HF, although contra-indicated, have already been employed without inconvenience. By way of prevention, it is important first of all to avoid all leisure stays in endemic zones. If travel is unavoidable or for indigenous people, a chemoprophylaxis, judged according to the local risk of impaludation, is desirable: CQ in sensitive zones, PG+CQ in resistant zones, P-S, as proposed by some people, is normally contra-indicated; MQ and HF are contra-indicated. Protection against nocturnal mosquito bites is still strongly applied (Mosquito net, repellents, insecticides).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[A focus of multiple sclerosis in Bretagne: HLA markers and evaluation of consanguinity].

In a previous study, we established the overall prevalence of multiple sclerosis at 25 per 100,000 inhabitants in the French province of Brittany and found that the geographical distribution was uneven with four circumscribed high prevalence areas with more than 45 per 100,000. We conducted the present study to try to ascertain whether the existence of such clusters of MS could be explained by genetic factors, using two ways: the major histocompatibility markers and the frequency of intermarriage. Among the four areas of high prevalence, we examined the one with the highest prevalence, exempt from migratory movements over the last 100 years. We compared this studied population to a sample of 1005 healthy unrelated individuals coming from all over Brittany, designated as general Brittany population. A large sampling (about 25%) of the population accepted to take part in the study. Regarding HLA markers, we observed in the high prevalence area an increases percentage of B7, B8, B12, DR4 and a decreased percentage of B5, compared with the Brittany control population. The consanguinity coefficient in the population of high MS prevalence area was steadily much higher than the one in neighbouring areas with a low MS prevalence during a long period from 1896 to 1945. Under the reserve of non-randomized sampling of individuals for HLA marker study, our findings yielded a double argument in favor of genetic factors influencing the presence of clusters of MS cases: the particularities of HLA phenotype pattern and the increased consanguinity coefficient. The particularities of HLA polymorphism observed in the high prevalence area are likely to be the consequence of the intermarriage habits of this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender, and education.

We report the prevalence rates for dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) obtained from a probability sample survey of 5,055 noninstitutionalized older persons in Shanghai, China. A two-stage procedure was used for case finding and case identification. A Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination was used to determine cases of possible dementia. Three different cutoff points on this mental status test were used depending on the respondent's level of education. Clinical evaluations, based on functional assessments and psychiatric interview, medical and neurological examinations, three standardized mental status tests, and a selected group of psychometric tests, were made in the second stage of the study to ascertain the clinical diagnosis of dementia and AD utilizing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, edition 3 and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria, respectively. The prevalence rate of dementia in persons 65 years and older was 4.6%. Clinically diagnosed AD accounted for 65% of the subjects with dementia. These findings indicate that the prevalence of dementia in Shanghai is very much higher than figures published earlier for China and Japan, and at the lower part of the range of values reported for community residents in the United States and other Western countries, but less than half of that reported in the recently published survey of the elderly in East Boston. Increasing age, gender (female), and low education are each highly significant and independent risk factors for dementia. One hypothesis to explain the increased prevalence in elderly women who had received no formal education invokes the possibility of an effect of early deprivation, perhaps lowering brain "reserve," allowing the symptoms of dementia to appear at an earlier date during disease progression.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Predictive value of cytomegalovirus viraemia for the occurrence of CMV organ involvement in AIDS.

In HIV-infected patients, the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viraemia is predictive of the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but it is not known whether it predicts further occurrence of CMV organ involvement. To assess the predictive value of CMV viraemia in the occurrence of CMV organ involvement, CMV blood cultures were performed at the onset of AIDS in 71 patients. They were prospectively followed up for at least 6 months, with a mean of 16.6 +/- 7 months (6-36 months). CMV viraemia was present in 28/71 patients (39.5%) at the onset of AIDS. CMV organ involvement occurred in 18/71 patients (25.4%) after 8.7 +/- 3.3 months. Fourteen of the 28 patients (50%) with early CMV viraemia developed CMV organ involvement after 7.7 +/- 6.3 months as compared with 4/43 patients (9.3%) who were not viraemic at the onset of AIDS with a mean follow-up of 11.8 +/- 3.8 months (P less than 0.001). At the time of CMV organ involvement, CMV viraemia, however, was present in 94.4% of the cases. No differences in survival was observed between initially viraemic and non-viraemic patients. No difference has found in mean CD4 cell count between viraemic and non-viraemic patients. This high predictive value of early CMV viraemia in AIDS for the occurrence of CMV organ involvement underlines the need for repeated search for CMV organ involvement when CMV viraemia is detected, and for less toxic antiviral drugs that might be used earlier.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Culture-negative neutrocytic ascites: a less severe variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

The clinical signs and symptoms, the biological data and the prognosis of 38 cirrhotic patients with culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and 15 cirrhotic patients with culture-negative neutrocytic ascites were compared. The diagnosis of culture-negative neutrocytic ascites was based on the following criteria: an ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear count greater than 250/mm3, a negative ascitic fluid culture and the absence of previous antibiotic therapy and intraabdominal source of infection. All patients were treated by antibiotic therapy. There were no differences in clinical signs and symptoms and Pugh grading between the two groups of patients. Serum creatinine and prevalence of positive-blood culture were higher in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Patients with culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis had a higher ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear count and a lower ascitic fluid pH. Mortality was higher in patients with culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis than in patients with culture-negative neutrocytic ascites (relative risk: 2.6, p less than 0.01): cumulative mortality was, respectively, 50% and 20% at 1 months, 61% and 33% at 6 months, 75% and 41% at 1 year. The higher mortality observed in patients with culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis persisted after hospitalization (relative risk: 3, p less than 0.03). Our results suggest that culture-negative neutrocytic ascites is a less severe variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Prediction of the clinical course of AIDS in a cohort of 77 seropositive persons. Importance of p24 antigen in the blood and the level of serum IgA].

Among the HIV-1 seropositive subjects detected through blood donation in Paris area who every six months voluntarily went through a thorough clinical and biological follow-up in the Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, a cohort of 77 subjects had completed at least four biannual controls by september 1988. Upon inclusion in the study, all subjects were CDC stage II or III, none had received any treatment. Biological parameters in entrance in the study were assessed in a attempt to forecast the CD4 lymphocyte count decrease during the 18 months follow-up time. Multivariate forward stepwise analysis indicated that only p24 ag level, IgA level, and partially neopterin or Beta-2-Microglobulin levels were independently predictive of CD4 count at the end of the follow-up and of the CD4 loss at the same time. The prediction by these biological parameters is a rather poor one, 39% of the variation of CD4 lymphocyte count or 30% of the variation of CD4 loss after 18 months of the cohort follow-up being explained. In conclusion, HIV-infection seems to possess an intrinsic evolution which escapes our surveillance by biological parameters.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Absence of effect of chloroquine in vivo on neutrophil oxidative metabolism in human subjects.

High levels of antimalarial drugs have been shown to be inhibitory to the oxidative metabolism of human neutrophils in vitro. In this study, chemiluminescence of, and chloroquine concentrations in, neutrophils from volunteers treated with prophylactic or therapeutic malaria regimens were assessed. Although detectable chloroquine levels were found in neutrophils, their chemiluminescence was not reduced at prophylactic or at therapeutic drug levels, in comparison with controls without chloroquine treatment. At these clinically achievable concentrations, chloroquine was not found to interfere with the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Potentiation of chloroquine activity against Plasmodium falciparum by the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide system.

In this study, we examined the potential interactions between antimalarial (chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine) and oxidant reagents. The data indicate that their effects enhance those of one another in vitro. The viability of Plasmodium falciparum in culture was assessed by [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation during 24 h of incubation in the presence of lactoperoxidase, glucose-glucose oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine, either alone or in combination. At subinhibitory concentrations, a significant inhibition was produced by the following combinations: lactoperoxidase plus hydrogen peroxide, lactoperoxidase plus glucose-glucose oxidase, lactoperoxidase plus hydrogen peroxide or glucose-glucose oxidase plus chloroquine or quinine but not with mefloquine. Deletion of any component from the system markedly decreased the toxic effect on P. falciparum. This toxic effect was not inhibited by catalase. These results indicate that the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide system and antimalarial drugs can potentiate each other to inhibit the growth of P. falciparum.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Activities of pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin against experimental malaria in mice.

We investigated the in vivo antimalarial activities of pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in Swiss albino mice infected intravenously with 5 x 10(6) Plasmodium yoelii N67 parasites 1 h before treatment. Groups of 20 mice received a subcutaneous injection of 40, 80, or 160 mg of ciprofloxacin or pefloxacin per kg of body weight every 8 h for 3 days. Parasitologic activity was assessed on day 4, and survival was assessed on day 21. Control mice had a fulminant course with a parasitemia of 61.3% +/- 12.1% on day 4, and 90% of the mice were dead on day 21. The lower dosages of pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin (40 and 80 mg/kg) were not efficient. With 160 mg/kg, ciprofloxacin achieved an 85.8% reduction in parasitemia and 17 of 20 mice survived. Pefloxacin achieved a 92.8% reduction in parasitemia, and all mice survived. All treated, noninfected control mice survived. With ciprofloxacin, the antimalarial activity was similar with injections of 240 mg/kg every 12 h but was strongly diminished with injections of 160 mg/kg every 12 h. With pefloxacin, similar activities were observed with injections of 160 mg/kg every 8 h or injections of 160 or 240 mg/kg every 12 h. With both drugs, this activity was highly reduced when the treatment was delayed by 24 h. This underlines the need to provide treatment within the first hours after infection to achieve an optimal effect in this rapidly lethal experimental model of malaria. Pefloxacin and, to a lesser extent, ciprofloxacin are potent antimalarial drugs which might prove useful in the treatment of less rapidly aggressive human malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

HLA-associated susceptibility to acquired immune deficiency syndrome in HIV-1-seropositive subjects.

No difference in HLA-A, B or DR gene frequencies could be observed between 172 control subjects and 180 HIV-1-seropositive subjects of European ancestry diagnosed through the systematic screening of blood donations. In contrast, progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS; 21 patients) or CD4 lymphocyte loss equal or more than 20% over a 6-month period (37 subjects) was found to be associated with the B8DR3 haplotype (relative risk = 10.64, p less than 0.003, and 2.23, p less than 0.092, respectively). Other independently significant associations assessed through the multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model were B16, BW21 and B35 alleles as factors of bad prognosis. Conversely, A11 and DR4 alleles were factors favouring longer survival.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

The Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease: a clinical and pathologic entity.

Thirty-six clinically diagnosed and pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients included 13 with cortical and subcortical Lewy bodies (LBs). The patients with LBs appeared to constitute a distinct neuropathologic and clinical subset of AD, the Lewy body variant (LBV). The LBV group showed gross pallor of the substantia nigra, greater neuron loss in the locus ceruleus, substantia nigra, and substantia innominata, lower neocortical ChAT levels, and fewer midfrontal tangles than did the pure AD group, along with a high incidence of medial temporal lobe spongiform vacuolization. Analysis of neuropsychological tests from 9 LBV subjects and 9 AD patients matched for age and degree of dementia revealed greater deficits in attention, fluency, and visuospatial processing in the LBV group. Similar comparisons of neurologic examinations showed a significant increase in masked facies; in addition there was an increase in essential tremor, bradykinesia, mild neck rigidity, and slowing of rapid alternating movements in the LBV group. Extremity rigidity, flexed posture, resting tremor, or other classic parkinsonian features were not characteristic of the LBV patient. In some cases, it may be possible to diagnose LBV premortem on the basis of the clinical and neuropsychological features.

Aged↗