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Biomedical subjects

D J Lisk

Publications and source records attributed to D J Lisk.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Response of Japanese quail fed seed meal from sunflowers grown on a municipal sludge-amended soil: elevation of cadmium in tissues.

Sunflowers were grown on soil amended with 224 metric tons/ha of municipal sewage sludge from Syracuse, N.Y. The yield of sunflower seeds was reduced by 47.2% by the sludge addition. The harvested seeds contained 1.71 ppm dry weight of cadmium. Deoiled seed meal was incorporated as 25 and 50% of semipurified diet and fed to male and female Japanese quail. The concentrations of cadmium were higher in kidney, liver, muscle, and eggs of birds fed the sludge-grown seed meal as compared to control quail. Tissue concentrations of cadmium increased with increasing dietary levels of sludge-grown seed meal. No significant differences (p greater than 0.05) were observed between dietary treatments in the activity of hepatic microsomal p-nitroanisole O-demethylase or aminopyrine N-demethylase in the male birds. Additionally, no mutagenic activity, either direct or with metabolic activation, was found in quail eggs. No observable changes in tissue ultrastructure were observed under electron microscopy in any of the treatment groups. There were no significant (p greater than 0.05) differences among the dietary treatment groups in feed intake, growth rate, egg production, or egg hatchability.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Cadmium in tissues of Japanese quail fed oat grain grown on municipal sludge-amended soil.

Oats were cultured on soil amended with municipal sewage sludge from Syracuse, N.Y., or on soil alone (control). The oats were fed to male and female Japanese quail through four generations. The extent of absorption of cadmium by the oats and its deposition in tissues and eggs of the first and fourth generations of birds were determined. The tissue levels of cadmium found in the first (F0) generation were kidney greater than liver greater than muscle approximately equal to eggs, with the quail from the sludge-treatment group consistently showing the higher respective tissue levels. Female birds showed consistently higher tissue levels than those of the corresponding males. Kidney and liver tissues and eggs from the fourth generation (F3) quail fed the sludge-treatment diets were also higher than the corresponding controls, but tissues of the male quail were most often higher than the corresponding females.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Concentration of cadmium in Coturnix quail fed earthworms.

Earthworms (Lumbriscus terrestris), collected from soils in southern Ontario, Canada, that had no previous history of cadmium application, contained 3 ppm cadmium. They were fed to Coturnix quail as 60% dry weight of their diet for 63 d to examine the extent of deposition of native cadmium. Cadmium in kidney, liver, and excreta was greatly elevated above that of birds fed a control diet without worms. No increase in the level of cadmium in eggs was found. The factors affecting the association of cadmium in soils and worms and their assimilation and possible toxic effects in foraging birds are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Lead in tissues of woodchucks fed crown vetch growing adjacent to a highway.

Woodchucks (Marmota monax) were fed crown vetch (Coronilla varia) growing along a major highway that was harvested in 1979, before unleaded gas was widely used, and again in 1985. Crown vetch, harvested 300 m from the nearest road, was fed as the control. The crops were fed as 50% dry weight of the diet for 58 d. The concentrations of lead in the control, 1979 crop, and 1985 crop were, respectively, 0.74, 50.65, and 6.78 ppm dry weight. The average +/- SE) concentrations (ppm, dry weight) of lead found in the tissues of the control, 1979, and 1985 dietary-treatment animals were, respectively, kidney, 0.36 +/- 0.05, 5.78 +/- 0.72, and 0.79 +/- 0.09; liver, 0.09 +/- 0.01, 4.71 +/- 0.17, and 0.46 +/- 0.06; muscle, 0.07 +/- 0.01, 0.14 +/- 0.02, and 0.07 +/- 0.00; blood, 0.09 +/- 0.02, 2.17 +/- 0.13, and 0.31 +/- 0.05; and bone, 1.27 +/- 0.25, 47.52 +/- 7.05, and 3.71 +/- 0.65. No significant differences (p greater than 0.05) between dietary treatments were found in the general hematological analyses of the woodchucks. The ecological significance of these findings is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Urinary mutagens in municipal sewage workers and water treatment workers.

In view of the potential exposure of sewage treatment workers to a multitude of mutagenic substances, the frequency of urinary mutagens was measured by the Ames test among a sample of 164 sewage treatment workers employed in 14 sewage treatment plants which processed between 3 and 10 million gallons of sewage daily in New York State between March and July, 1984. The frequency was compared to that observed in 72 water treatment employees in the same municipalities. Sewage workers had a significantly higher risk for urinary mutagens after controlling for smoking, using the Ames test, both with and without the addition of the liver microsomal homogenate, S-9. More precise methods of measuring exposure in epidemiologic studies, particularly in environmental and occupational epidemiology, are in various stages of development. The application of one of these methods, the Ames test, to an occupational group (sewage workers) with potentially high exposure to mutagenic substances is described and the strengths and limitations of this application are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Changes in liver glutathione S-transferase activities in Coturnix quail fed municipal sludge-grown cabbage with reduced levels of glucosinolates.

Cabbage, green beans, or seeds from sunflowers grown either on municipal sewage sludge-amended soil or soil alone were fed to male and female Coturnix quail, as 50% of a complete diet, for 5 weeks. Specific activities of liver glutathione S-transferase (GST) were similar in all quail fed the latter two plant diets and also similar to quail fed a nonplant, control diet. Sludge-grown cabbage-treated quail exhibited liver GST activities significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than levels of liver GST in birds fed the other plants, with a further twofold activity increase in quail fed the soil-grown cabbage. This response seems to be correlated with the levels of glucosinolates present in the cabbage, i.e., 3040 and 9253 ppm (dry basis) in the sludge-grown and soil-grown cabbage, respectively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Cadmium and nickel in mainstream particulates of cigarettes containing tobacco grown on a low-cadmium soil-sludge mixture.

Cigarettes were prepared from tobaccos grown in the greenhouse on a soil to which a low rate of a municipal sewage sludge was applied. The cigarettes were smoked by machine and the mainstream particulate fraction was analyzed for total cadmium and nickel content. Sludge-grown and control (soil-grown) tobaccos contained, respectively, 5.33 and 1.87 ppm of cadmium and 1.15 and 0.64 ppm of nickel. The average quantities of cadmium and nickel (ng/cigarette) found in the mainstream particulate fractions were, respectively, 220.5 and 78.5 for the sludge-grown and 147.4 and 72.6 for the control treatments. The difference between treatments was highly significant (p less than 0.001) for cadmium but not significant for nickel.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1984

Toxicologic studies associated with the agricultural use of municipal sewage sludge and health effects among sewage treatment plant workers.

The proposed use of municipal sewage sludges as soil amendments on agricultural land involves potential health risks. Sludges may contain toxic heavy metals, synthetic organics, and pathogens. Studies of animals inhabiting sludge-amended soils, or foraging on crops grown on such soils, have shown an increased deposition of cadmium and polychlorinated biphenyls in animal tissues, hepatic microsomal enzyme induction, altered blood profiles, appearance of mutagens in blood and excreta, and lowered feed intake, feed efficiency, and milk production. Epidemiologic evidence of possible adverse health effects among sewage plant workers exposed to aerosolized pathogens or synthetic organic vapors during wastewater treatment or land spreading of sludge is still inconclusive. Other possible deleterious environmental effects include pollution of groundwater and toxicity to birds consuming worms or insects inhabiting sludge-treated soils.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1984

Toxicologic studies with male sheep grazing on municipal sludge-amended soil.

Growing sheep were grazed for 152 d on grass-legume forage growing on soil that had been amended with municipal sewage sludge from Syracuse, N.Y., at 224 metric tons per hectare. Cadmium was higher, but not significantly (p greater than 0.05), in tissues of sheep fed the sludge-grown forage as compared to controls. No significant differences between the sludge or control treatments were found in weight of the complete or cauda epididymis or in percent progressive motility of cauda epididymal sperm. The sludge-treatment group had significantly larger testes (p less than 0.025) when expressed as a percentage of body weight, and higher blood uric acid values (p less than 0.05). There were no observable changes in tissue ultrastructure of liver, kidney, muscle, or testes as examined by electron microscopy in either of the treatment groups. There were no significant differences for rate of animal weight gain, carcass weight, dressing percentage, or quality or yield grade of the carcases between the treatment groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Toxicologic studies with lambs fed sugar beets grown on municipal sludge-amended soil: lowered relative hemoglobin in red blood cells and mutagens in blood and excreta.

Sugar beets grown on municipal sludge-amended soil were fed to growing lambs for 66 days. The relative hemoglobin content was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in the lambs fed the sludge-grown sugar beets. The concentration of direct-acting mutagens was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than controls in blood and urine of the lambs fed the sludge-grown beets. Cadmium concentration was higher, but not significantly (P greater than 0.05) in the livers and kidneys of the lambs fed the sludge-grown beets as compared with controls. Significant differences between treatment groups were not observed in active or passive K+ influxes in RBC; in the activity of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase in p-nitroanisole-O-demethylase, aminopyrene-N-demethylase, or arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase; in tissue ultrastructure of kidney, liver, or muscle as examined by electron microscopy; or in carcass weight, dressing percentage, quality, or yield grade.

Animal Feed↗