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Biomedical subjects

D Holmes

Publications and source records attributed to D Holmes.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

The mental health of old homeless men.

The recent focus on the young homeless mentally ill has diverted attention from other subgroups of the homeless, particularly the aging, who compose one fourth of the homeless population. A total of 86 street-dwelling and 195 non-street-dwelling (177 flophouse-, 18 apartment-dwelling) men aged 50 and older on the Bowery in New York City were studied. Although 23% evidenced psychosis or had prior psychiatric hospitalization (PPH group), depression was more prevalent with one third of all men categorized as clinically depressed. Only 5% evidenced gross organic mental disease. Several groups were identified for intervention because of their increased susceptibility to depression: alcoholics, relatively younger men, those with organic mental symptoms, street men. With respect to the PPH men, they did not appear to be distinct from the other homeless men on various social and health indices, although they differed substantially from age-matched community men. Thus these men must be viewed as homeless first, and in addition, as having the handicap of mental illness. Contrary to the popular stereotype, there was no evidence of widespread isolation among the PPH men, and despite their disturbances, most showed an adequate capacity for survival.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Expression of opioid peptides in tumors.

We looked for opioid peptides and their precursors in 108 tumors of both neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine origin, using a monoclonal "pan-opioid" antibody, 3-E7, which recognizes the tetrapeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe (the sequence responsible for pharmacologic activity in all known opioid peptides), in conjunction with polyclonal antibodies directed against representative peptides of each of the three precursors (alpha-endorphin, [met]enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, and dynorphin B). Using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique, we observed consistent cytoplasmic immunoreactivity (at least focally) in all of 15 adrenal pheochromocytomas, all of 6 thyroid medullary carcinomas, and all of 5 pituitary adenomas. Opioid staining was also observed in parathyroid adenomas (8 of 9), pancreatic islet-cell tumors (7 of 10), carcinoid tumors from various sites (18 of 26), and paragangliomas (1 of 2). There was no immunoreactivity in pulmonary small-cell carcinomas, Merkel-cell tumors of skin, neuroblastomas, or any of the non-neuroendocrine tumors examined. The expression of alpha-endorphin, [met]enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, and dynorphin B varied from tumor to tumor; however, positive staining with the "pan-opioid" antibody was found in each tumor containing at least one of the three precursors. Opioid peptide immunoreactivity was also detected in non-neoplastic cells of the adrenal medulla, pancreatic islets, pituitary, intestinal and bronchial mucosa, and intestinal myenteric plexuses. We conclude that opioid expression within tumors is most likely due to enhanced expression of a normal cell product and that opioid peptides are useful markers of neuroendocrine differentiation in many tumors.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1986

Assessment of stress-buffering effects of social networks on psychological symptoms in an inner-city elderly population.

Social network researchers have been divided into two camps: those who propose that social networks have a direct effect on subsequent psychological symptoms and those who posit a stress-buffering effect as well. Previous research has been limited by rudimentary measures of social interaction and the absence of longitudinal data as well as by different approaches to the assessment of possible buffering effects. In the present study, using 19 social network variables, the authors followed 133 elderly residents of mid-Manhattan SRO hotels for 1 year. Three different methods of determining buffering effects were examined: Dividing the sample into high- and low-stress groups and contrasting differences in percentage variance accounted for by social networks between the two groups; Examining the group as a whole to assess if any Network Variable X Stress interactional terms are significant; Examining the group as a whole to assess whether there is a reduction in the beta value of stress with respect to psychological symptoms when network variables are added to the analysis. Method 1 indicated a direct network effect, but none of the methods indicated a buffering effect. Of clinical relevance was the nonlinearity of the network effects, that is, depending upon a person's stressor level, different network dimensions must be emphasized and strengthened.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Social networks, stress, and physical health: a longitudinal study of an inner-city elderly population.

Research examining the relationship between social networks, stress, and physical symptoms has been limited by rudimentary network measures and the lack of longitudinal data. Using 19 network variables, the authors followed 133 elderly residents of mid-Manhattan hotels for 1 year. The findings indicated that social networks exert a direct effect on reducing subsequent physical symptoms. Moreover, social networks also act to reduce symptoms by buffering the effect of increased levels of stress. Of clinical relevance was the finding that combining knowledge of patients' social networks with their current health status predicts their future health status with an exceedingly high degree of certainty. Consequently, intervention to reinforce a network can be as clinically significant as implementing a medical procedure.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

The role of the occupational therapist-work evaluator.

This paper presents the role of the occupational therapist as that of a work evaluator who provides services to injured workers. Therapists, by virtue of their professional knowledge, have a frame of reference for work evaluation and understand the factors that interrupt the work process. In work evaluation, the therapist assists the injured worker to develop work readiness and the physical capacities necessary for working productively. This development takes place in a therapeutic milieu where the "worker" role is regained. The role of the occupational therapist-work evaluator includes work-oriented treatment in the acute care setting, job analysis, work tolerance screening, work capacity evaluation, work hardening, and job market reentry management in the work evaluation and community settings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Significance of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia in stable coronary artery disease: a coronary artery surgery study project.

This retrospective study examines the prognostic significance of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) who were included in the multicenter patient registry of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. The population is composed of 1,486 patients selected from 1975 to 1979 and followed an average of 4.3 years. All underwent a standard Bruce exercise test and had CAD by cardiac catheterization at entry. Patients were classified into group I or II depending on whether they had minimal or significant CAD. (Significant CAD was defined as 70% or greater diameter reduction in any major coronary artery or 50% or greater narrowing in the left main artery.) They were further subclassified into groups A or B depending on whether or not they had exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia. Groups IA (16 patients) and IB (229 patients) had similar clinical and angiographic characteristics except for the average ejection fraction (EF), which was 50% for group IA and 64% for group IB (p less than 0.05). Group IIA (130 patients) had a higher prevalence of previous myocardial infarction, a lower mean EF and a higher proportion of patients with at least 2 coronary arteries significantly narrowed than group IIB (1,111 patients). The 5-year event-free survival was not influenced by the presence of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia; it was 76 and 88% in groups IA and IB, respectively (difference not significant), and 71 and 76% in groups IIA and IIB, respectively (difference not significant).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angiography↗
PubMed1984

The isolation, propagation and characterization of tissue-cultured equine rotaviruses.

From 105 field cases of diarrhea in neonatal or young foals, rotavirus was detected by electron microscopy (EM) and/or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the feces of 65 foals on 16 different premises. ELISA was performed with Rotazyme test kits developed by Abbot and Company for the detection of rotaviruses. Twenty-four field isolates from the feces of diarrheic foals with equine rotavirus infection as ascertained by EM were placed in MA-104 cell cultures after pretreatment of the viral suspension with 10 micrograms ml-1 of trypsin and incorporation of 0.5 micrograms ml-1 or 1 microgram ml-1 of trypsin in Earle's minimal essential medium (MEM), 2% lactalbumen hydrolysate, and antibiotics. The isolates that replicated in cell culture produced varying degrees of cytopathic effect. After the 24 isolates had been transferred 5 or 7 times in cell culture, viral particles were observed in 17 by EM, and 22 had positive ELISA tests as determined by visual color chart and spectrophotometric readings. Concentrated tissue-cultured viral antigen of 9 isolates fixed complement using Nebraska calf diarrhea rotavirus calf antiserum while four isolates gave negative results. The same 13 tissue-cultured viral suspensions failed to fix complement using reovirus antiserum. The 9th passages of two isolates (EID1 and EID2) yielded titers of 10(4.45) ml-1 TCID50 and of 10(4.95) ml-1 TCID50, respectively, as measured by cytopathic effect. After 13 tissue-cultured passages, 2 other isolates, EID3 and EID4, each had titers of 10(6.2) ml-1 TCID50 and of 10(5.95) ml-1 TCID, respectively. Cytoplasmic or intranuclear inclusions were not seen in any cells of the MA-104 infected cell cultures. Small, but distinct, plaques in MA-104 cell cultures were produced by the EID1 isolate. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis tests of EID1 and EID2 isolates at the 9th cell passage and EID3 and EID4 isolates at the 13th cell passage each showed that the RNA genome had 11 segments with a migrating pattern that was identical for each isolate and characteristic of rotaviruses. These 4 equine tissue-cultured isolates when tested by ELISA, utilizing a monoclonal antibody serum pool that cross-reacted with many rotavirus isolates, each gave positive values comparable to rotavirus antigen controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of thiamin deprivation on the in vitro metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene.

Feeding a thiamin-deficient diet to male and female rats for 3 weeks alters the mixed function oxidases responsible for metabolizing benzo(a)pyrene and enhances the response of these enzymes to induction by phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. The caloric restriction observed in thiamin deprivation may be partially responsible for the enhanced metabolism in this condition but, as established in pair-feeding studies, was not responsible for the enhanced response to enzyme inducers seen in these animals. The degree of altered response was also seen to depend on the sex of the rat and on the substrate concentration of the incubation mixture.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Sultamicillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea caused by penicillin sensitive and penicillinase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

A single oral dose of 2 g of sultamicillin and 1 g of probenecid was effective in the treatment of men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis caused by both penicillin sensitive strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and penicillinase producing strains of N gonorrhoeae (PPNG). Of 94 infected men who attended for at least one follow up examination, 91 (97%) were cured. The remaining three (3%) patients were still infected at follow up. Two of these patients had been re-exposed to an infected partner and were considered to be possible reinfections, while the third was deemed a treatment failure. Six of the 94 patients were infected with PPNG strains and all were successfully treated. Plasmid analysis of the PPNG strains showed Asian and African types both with and without transfer plasmid.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Differences among black, Hispanic, and white people in knowledge about long-term care services.

This article provides data obtained through telephone interviews with 1,608 white, black, Mexican American, or Puerto Rican respondents. The study was designed to measure differences among ethnic groups in knowledge and attitudes toward long-term care services and the extent to which knowledge and attitudes affect service use. Across all groups, there is less knowledge about long-term, community-based care than institutional services. The extent of knowledge about services is limited among all groups, but especially among Puerto Ricans. There are marked differences among groups in attitudes toward services. Minority groups are far more likely to perceive care of the elderly as a family responsibility and to stress the importance of ethnic factors in service delivery. Despite differences among groups, knowledge and attitudes are less directly related to use of services than is activity limitation. This may be because only a very small proportion of the respondents had any experience with service use.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1983

Influence of dietary thiamin on phenobarbital induction of rat hepatic enzymes responsible for metabolizing drugs and carcinogens.

Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed synthetic diets deficient in or supplemented with thiamin for 2 or 3 weeks. One group of rats receiving the thiamin-supplemented diet was pair-fed the amount consumed by rats fed the thiamin-deficient diet. One-half of each group was administered phenobarbital sodium for four consecutive days prior to decapitation. Rats fed the thiamin-deficient diet had higher NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aniline hydroxylase, and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities than those fed high levels of thiamin. In addition, these animals generally responded more vigorously to induction by phenobarbital in their synthesis of microsomal protein, and increased activities of NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aniline hydroxylase, and ethylmorphine N-demethylase. Cytochrome P-450 concentration was higher in the microsomes from thiamin-deficient rats and was induced to a greater degree by phenobarbital than in microsomes from rats fed thiamin-supplemented diets ad libitum. Phenobarbital-enhanced metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) by liver 9,000 g supernatant as evidenced by approximately two-fold increases in formaldehyde formed per gram liver. This increase in DMN metabolism in male rats is due at least in part to the increased concentration of microsomal protein, since metabolism per milligram microsomal protein was not increased. The fact that DMN metabolism per unit of microsomal cytochrome P-450 in phenobarbital-treated animals is decreased to about one-half of that in controls indicates that DMN is either metabolized by a non-cytochrome P-450-dependent system or that it is metabolized by a form of P-450 not induced by phenobarbital. A sex difference was evident in these experiments, females generally being more sensitive to the influence of varying levels of dietary thiamin. Also female rats but not males fed high-thiamin diets responded to phenobarbital with increased DMN metabolism per milligram microsomal protein.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1981

Properties of the virulent form of a mitomycin C- or temperature-induced thermophilic bacteriophage.

A virulent bacteriophage was isolated from lysates of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain NU-10 induced either by treatment with mitomycin C or by shifts in temperature. Optimum conditions for induction, morphology and other properties of the virus are described. Chloroform treatment and shifts in temperature of producer cells released approximately similar amounts of phage as did mitomycin induction, suggesting an effect on release rather than on synthesis of the virus.

Bacteriolysis↗
PubMed1981

Lobectomy and bronchoplasty for cancer.

The experience with lobectomy and bronchoplasty in the management of patients with lung cancer at the University of British Columbia is described for the period 1959 to 1979. Thirty-eight patients underwent resection, the majority for squamous cell carcinoma. The early mortality was 5%. Of 16 patients operated on before 1974, 5 (31%) survived for more than 5 years. Seventeen (44%) of the 38 are still alive at periods of 1 to 10 years after resection.

Adenocarcinoma↗