Five years of clinical experience with renal transplantation has led to improved results in terms of surgical technique and the use of immune suppressive drugs. The duration of function of individual grafts is entirely uncertain at present. Some prognosis can be based upon the source of the graft. There is evidence to suggest all grafts will be destroyed by host factors. The employment of tissue-matching techniques offers the most promise for improved results in the immediate future.

Humans↗

PubMed1965

Renal transplantation: current status.

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Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Trimethoprim in therapy of acute attacks of malaria.

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Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking as a risk factor for injury death: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: Injury and tobacco effects represent one-quarter of the global burden of disease. Understanding the causes of injury and the effects of smoking may help reduce those burdens. Some smokers have high risks of injury. We provide an initial meta-analysis of cohort associations between smoking and fatal injury. METHODS: Three authors independently searched MEDLINE, and bibliographies of the pertinent studies found, for cigarette smoker-specific injury death data which allowed estimation of an appropriate relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Relative risks and dose response were summarized by fixed effects and Poisson modeling, respectively. RESULTS: Six studies covering 10 pertinent cohorts were located. Associations between smoking and injury death have been significant after adjustment or, in effect, stratification for age, race, sex, country, and, respectively, alcohol, marriage, education, and body mass; job and time period; job, alcohol, and exercise; etc. Summary dose-response trends were significantly positive (P < 0.00005). Cigarette smoking predicted summary injury death crude RRs of 1.61 (CI 1.44-1.81) vs never smokers and 1.39 (CI 1.25-1.55) vs ex-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking has significant, consistent, dose-response, often strong and independent, prospective associations with injury death, internationally.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Circadian temperature rhythms in young adult and aged men.

The core body temperatures of ten healthy young adult and eight healthy aged men were recorded continuously for 14-24 hours using rectal thermometers and analog tape recorders. Aged subjects had significantly higher temperatures at the nadir of the temperature curve compared to the young subjects. Cosinor analysis of the data revealed that, while all subjects' data significantly fit an idealized cosine function of 24 hours periodicity, the peak to trough amplitude of the rhythm was significantly lower in the aged group. No group differences in the 24-hour mean temperature, the mean temperature during the sleep period time, the mesor, or the acrophase were found. These data are in essential agreement with previously reported data but expand upon those findings and demonstrate that the age-related changes in amplitude of the temperature rhythm are not confined to subjects studied under isolated laboratory environments.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Finite element modeling of banded structures in Bombyx mori silk fibres.

Transmission electron microscopy studies have shown curved bands of contrast in degummed Bombyx mori fibres. This contrast implies a molecular difference between the light and dark bands, which in turn implies a periodic variation in mechanical properties along the fibre axis. Finite element modeling was used to compare the mechanical behaviour of fibres with various banded geometries. Lateral, longitudinal and diagonal lamellae were compared with V-shaped and parabolic cupped lamellae. The simulation results from the lamellar models were compared to laminar composite theory. The cupped parabolic and V-shaped geometrics both showed a redistribution of the axial stresses from the centre toward the edge of the fibre. This redistribution allowed for a substantial increase in the toughness compared to simple lateral lamella as well as a moderate increase in the initial modulus without a significant change in the yield strength.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal neurobehavioral outcome following prenatal exposure to cocaine.

This substudy of a longitudinal prospective study was designed to assess neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral performance in newborn infants who were maternally exposed to cocaine and other drugs of abuse or the other drugs without cocaine. Sample selection procedures were designed to permit statistical control for marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco. Cocaine was assessed with both self-report and radioimmunoassay of hair. One hundred ninety-one newborns with a mean age of 43 h were assessed for 35 to 40 min on tests of reflexes, activity level, head-turning preference, tremors, nonnutritive sucking, habituation, and state. The testers were blinded to the baby's drug exposure. Cocaine-exposed newborns were developmentally at risk on the tests administered compared to infants exposed to the other three drugs alone or in some combination. A dose-response effect was found: higher amounts of cocaine were associated with higher neurobehavioral risk scores.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The visible embryo project: embedded program objects for knowledge access, creation and management through the World Wide Web.

We have designed a prototype knowledge management online environment for the biomedical sciences which integrates access to online representations of the scientific literature, bibliographic databases, high-performance visualization technologies, large-scale scientific databases, and tools for authoring new-generation scientific publications. This system will provide widespread access to its resources by using the World Wide Web for its underlying architecture. This system expands upon our Weblet Interactive Remote Visualization (IRV) server technology to produce a set of dedicated Internet "visualization servers" which provide interactive control of real-time visualizations from the Visible Embryo Project database from within Web pages viewed with our WebRouser software package. This system will be used to develop a set of prototype applications for both online education of medical students in developmental anatomy and for an interactive patient education system for expectant parents. We recognize that knowledge represented by these national resource databases is not static, therefore it is essential to include tools for both the creation of new "compound documents" which incorporate embedded objects, as well as for managing the peer-review of scholarly publications, in order to ensure the integrity of new knowledge as it is added to these databases in the future. We have therefore begun to design integrated tools for our system which facilitate both the creation of and the validation of new generations of scientific knowledge.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bowel sound quantitation to evaluate drugs on gastrointestinalmmotor activity.

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Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Carotid artery disease in NIDDM diabetes.

A prospective study of 135 controls, 286 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, and 31 subjects with an elevated fasting plasma glucose was performed to assess the prevalence of high-grade carotid artery stenosis. The carotid artery evaluation was performed using an ultrasonic duplex scanner. When those patients with an elevated fasting plasma glucose and non-insulin-dependent diabetes were considered together, the prevalence was 8.2% as compared with 0.7% for the controls (P = 0.0007). Those risk factors found to be significantly related to the higher prevalence of carotid disease in the combined groups of patients included age, ratio of systolic blood pressure to diastolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. These findings may be an explanation for the greater incidence of stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunoassay of human Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A antibody.

An enzyme immunoassay is described which quantitates antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide in human sera. Modifications of a previously developed two-day assay by Carlone et al. were made to permit analysis in one day and to be compatible with automation. The allowable variations in assay conditions and the areas in which stringent control must be maintained for consistent assay performance are described. Antigen-coating parameters, the kinetics of primary and secondary antibody incubation steps, the buffer compositions, including detergents, serum requirements, and the need for blocking steps were examined. Our modified one-day assay showed excellent agreement with the standardized method of Carlone, with a correlation coefficient between the two methods of 0.989. This assay is adaptable within a permissible range of parameters thus facilitating the implementation of the standardized assay. This will maximize the consistency of results from serum analysis for conjugate vaccine trials related to serotype A Neisseria meningitidis.

Albumins↗