Alcohol use and iron status in pregnant women.
Iron status, assessed by ferritin (ng/ml), transferrin saturation (%), and hemoglobin (g/100 ml), was examined in a sample of 1398 women from blood samples drawn at their first prenatal visit and in 712 of these women later at their 32-week prenatal visit. Self-reported alcohol use (average ounces of absolute alcohol consumed per day around the time of conception) was not systematically related to iron status. Furthermore, the proportion of iron-depleted or anemic women did not vary according to different levels of alcohol use. An exception is noted in a small group of nine very heavy drinkers, reporting eight or more drinks per day, who, at 32 weeks gestation, had a higher proportion of iron depletion but not anemia. It was concluded that at least in a sample of primarily middle class women receiving good prenatal care, iron depletion and/or anemia probably do not explain the alcohol-related adverse pregnancy outcomes that have been reported previously. Nevertheless, results from several very heavy drinkers suggest that the iron status of pregnant alcoholic women should be investigated further.