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Biomedical subjects

D Bratthall

Publications and source records attributed to D Bratthall.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Increased IgA levels in saliva during pregnancy.

The level of IgA in saliva of pregnant and non-pregnant women was measured. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from pregnant women. Also included was a group of menstruating women from whom saliva was collected in springtime as well as in autumn in each phase of the menstrual cycle. There was a marked increase in the IgA level in saliva of the pregnant women. The IgA level was especially high during late pregnancy and postpartum. No significant differences in IgA were found between the three phases of the menstrual cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Streptococcus mutans in saliva: intraindividual variations and relation to the number of colonized sites.

Analysis of the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans may contribute to the evaluation of the caries risk. It is therefore important to identify factors that might influence the outcome of such analyses. This investigation consisted of three parts. The first aim was to evaluate the short-term variation of S. mutans concentration in saliva. Furthermore, we estimated the effect of discontinued oral hygiene on salivary S. mutans. We also analyzed the relation between salivary levels of S. mutans and the number of colonized approximal and occlusal sites. Tongue samples were also included in the comparison. Systematic short-term variation could not be demonstrated. A 95% confidence interval for an observed S. mutans value was obtained by multiplying and dividing the observed value by a factor of 5 (for S. mutans samples less than 10(6) or 2.3 (S. mutans greater than 10(6). One week of discontinued oral hygiene did not significantly change the level of S. mutans in saliva. Saliva samples correlated significantly with tongue samples and with the number of colonized approximal sites. The results of these studies confirm the stability of the S. mutans colonization level.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The Swedish dental health programme for adults.

The Swedish dental health programme for adults provides guidelines for the prevention of caries and periodontal disease. Swedish dentists are recommended to follow the principles of the programme, which was issued by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. The article describes the background, the preparation and the content of the programme.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Cariology].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Preventive measures in mothers influence the establishment of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans in their infants.

First-time mothers who had a high salivary number of Strep. mutans [greater than or equal to 10(6) colony-forming-units (c.f.u.) per ml] were selected. Every second mother was given a special preventive programme to reduce her salivary level below 3 x 10(5) c.f.u. per ml. Where a reduction of Strep. mutans was achieved in the mother, the establishment of Strep. mutans in her infant was prevented or delayed. Thus, 28 mothers were successfully treated until their infants were 23 months old and only 3 of their infants (11 per cent) were infected with Strep. mutans, compared with 17 out of 38 infants in the control group (45 per cent). In both groups, the percentage of infected infants increased with increasing age, although at all ages fewer infants were infected with Strep. mutans in the test group than in the control group. Sixteen infants of successfully treated mothers had reached the age of 36 months. Three were infected (19 per cent) compared with 17 out of 27 in the control group (63 per cent). These findings show that the spread of Strep. mutans can be delayed or prevented by measures directed against the main source of infection, an approach which is successful in the prevention of other infectious diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii agglutinins in human saliva.

The objectives were to determine the degree of Actinomyces agglutinating activity in human saliva and to begin characterizing the agglutination mechanism. Agglutination titres of whole saliva collected from adults and 6-yr-old children were compared. Titres for A. naeslundii were always higher than for A. viscosus. The mean A. naeslundii titre for the adults' and children's samples were equivalent. The children had a slightly lower mean titre than the adults for A. viscosus. No correlation was found between IgA concentrations and agglutination titre. Agglutinating activity was partially impaired by incubation with anti-IgA serum. Activity in submandibular/sublingual saliva was resistant to heat at 56 degrees C but sensitive to boiling. Boiling the bacteria had no effect. In sugar inhibition tests, only galactosides (beta-Gal) and glucosamine (for A. viscosus) affected Actinomyces agglutination but impairment was only temporary. Agglutinating activity was diminished by incubating saliva with hydroxyapatite. Thus, Actinomyces agglutinins 1) are probably distinct from IgA but may complex with it; 2) may include both beta-Gal and higher affinity sites; and 3) may contribute to salivary pellicle.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1983

Detection of antigens in enzymic lysates of cell wall from Streptococcus mutans strains.

Lysis of cell wall preparations from strains representing serotypes a - g of Streptococcus mutans has provided a convenient and efficient means of obtaining the typing antigens in a soluble undegraded form, and has demonstrated that, in each case, the antigen is a cell wall component in the strict sense of a component joined covalently to peptidoglycan. This influences the choice of extraction procedures.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1982

Frequency of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans in the saliva of selected human populations.

Stimulated saliva was transported from the mouth to a selective substrate, MSB-agar, with a wooden spatula. School children, aged 7-15, military recruits, aged 19-21, and a group of refugees from Vietnam were investigated. 10-15 per cent, in one exceptional case 35 per cent of the sampled school children had no detectable Strep. mutans, whereas about 20 per cent had very high numbers. The recruits were slightly more infected, and the refugees heavily infected. High numbers of Strep. mutans in saliva indicate a high-caries risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

beta 2-Microglobulin in saliva and its relation to flow rate in different glands in man.

The concentration of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) in parotid saliva and sera from 13 adult hypogammaglobulinaemic subjects and in parotid saliva from 7 normal adults was determined by radioimmunoassay. Parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva was collected from four normal and one hypogammaglobulinaemic subject in unstimulated and stimulated samples, and concentrations of IgA and beta 2-m were determined. The beta 2-m concentration in parotid saliva from hypogammaglobulinaemic subjects was 0.50 mg/l (0.2-1.1) and in normal adults 0.41 mg/l (0.2-0.9). In parotid saliva, the concentration of beta 2-m was negatively correlated with the flow rate, whereas in submandibular/sublingual a positive correlation was seen. Serum levels of beta 2-m in hypogammaglobulinaemic subjects were within the normal range of healthy adults. Gel filtration of saliva separated beta 2-m from IgA and from high molecular weight agglutinins. Beta 2-m was eluted as one single peak.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Histologic and sialochemical findings indicating sicca syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Twenty unselected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were investigated with respect to symptoms and signs of salivary gland involvement. Eight of them complained of xerostomia. Whole salivary flow was measured, parotid saliva was analyzed chemically, and palatal biopsy was performed to assess the degree of inflammatory infiltration in minor salivary glands. All but one of the patients showed signs of involvement on at least one of the tests and, as a group, the patients with SLE had significantly reduced values for salivary flow and increased concentrations of sodium, protein, and carbohydrates as compared to matched healthy controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Transient reduction of Streptococcus mutans interdentally by chlorhexidine gel.

Chlorhexidine gel was applied interproximally with the intent to reduce Streptococcus mutans at these sites. Bacterial samples were obtained using toothpicks, which were inserted in each interproximal space and then immediately pressed against agar plates, selective for S. mutans. Duplicate bacterial samples of non-treated subjects showed that this method gave reproducible results. Using a split mouth technique, 10 subjects were exposed to short term chlorhexidine exposures of varied intensity. At the baseline sampling about 90% of the sites showed growth of S. mutans. One week after the chlorhexidine applications about 55% were infected. After 40 d S. mutans were back to about baseline levels except for the most intensively treated interproximals, which showed 75% infected sites. Thus, at many sites the reduction of S. mutans was only transient. Four subjects with more than 1 million S. mutans per ml saliva participated in a study where salivary and interproximal levels of S. mutans were compared after a rinsing period with chlorhexidine lasting for 2 weeks. The effect of the rinses varied individually, but it was noted that several interproximal spaces could be infected even if the saliva numbers did not reach detectable levels of S. mutans.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed1982

Determination of immunoglobulin A in saliva by immunobead enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: comparison with single radial immunodiffusion.

For the quantitative measurement of immunoglobulin A in human saliva, an immunobead enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was investigated in detail. The method proved to be fast and sensitive, and it gave reproducible results. There was a strong correlation with results obtained by a single radial immunodiffusion method. The immunobead method gave 1.8 times higher values than the single radial immunodiffusion method with a lower correction factor for low-immunoglobulin A saliva and a higher factor for immunoglobulin A-rich saliva.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Streptococcus mutans in plaque and saliva and the development of caries.

Plaque samples from 10 different tooth surfaces of 10 schoolchildren with varied caries experience (DFS 10-33) were collected five times during 2.5 years. The samples were examined with an immunofluorescent technique for identification and enumeration of Streptococcus mutans serotypes c/e/f and d/g. At each sampling occasion the children were scored for caries. A stimulated saliva sample was also collected and the number of S. mutans per ml saliva was determined. The saliva level of S. mutans was shown to reflect the prevalence and proportion of this microorganism on the selected surfaces. Five surfaces carried S. mutans at each sampling. Four of these surfaces showed progressive cries S. mutans infection was also found to precede the development of incipient caries on four surfaces. Eighty percent of the surfaces that stayed sound were only transiently carriers of S. mutans in mainly very low numbers. Serotype c/e/f dominated in prevalence and proportion on the surfaces with a history of caries during the study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Association between bacterial agglutinins and immunoglobulin A in human saliva.

Two distinct peaks were obtained when human parotid saliva was separated on a Sepharose 2B column. The bacterial agglutinating activity was concentrated to the void volume fractions whereas the IgA was found in the beginning of the second, large peak. Unfractionated saliva as well as the pooled agglutinin fractions, or a mixture of agglutinin and IgA, all induced the aggregation of KPSK2, a Streptococcus mutans serotype c strain. By adding anti-human-IgA antiserum to the whole saliva or to the mixture of agglutinin and IgA, the aggregation reaction could be eliminated. In order to achieve this effect the agglutinin and IgA had to be mixed prior to the addition of anti-IgA. Addition of anti-IgA antiserum to the agglutinin fraction only did not impair the aggregation of bacteria. The homologous reactions with anti-IgG antiserum did not give any inhibition effect. However, when human IgG was added to the saliva, or to the agglutinin, before the addition of anti-IgG, the aggregation of KPSK2 was again impaired. The data in this paper indicate that the agglutinins and the IgA antibodies in saliva may be normally associated with each other.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1979

Interactions between human serum proteins and oral streptococci reveal occurrence of receptors for aggregated beta 2-microglobulin.

A total of 31 strains of oral streptococci representing Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus milleri were tested for possible binding of human immunoglobulins G, G1, G2, G3, G4, A1, A2, M1, and M2 and haptoglobin, hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin. Radiolabeled beta 2-microglobulin in aggregated form showed affinity for 20 of the 31 strains tested. Binding activity for the protein was found in strains belonging to all five species. The bacterial receptor was resistant to trypsin. Monomeric, unlabeled beta 2-microglobulin did not interfere with the binding of the aggregated form. Of the other proteins tested, only the immunoglobulin A1 protein showed positive binding, and that was only with a single strain of S. milleri. beta 2-Microglobulin is present on all nucleated cell membranes in vivo. The reaction between aggregated beta 2-microglobulin and oral streptococci is a new type of human-bacterium interaction which should be considered in studies of bacterial adherence.

Beta-Globulins↗