Biomedical subjects
D Baxby
Publications and source records attributed to D Baxby.
Gastro-enteritis due to Cryptosporidium: a prospective survey in a children's hospital.
During a 10 months' survey of children with gastro-enteritis, 27 cases of cryptosporidiosis (1.4% of those tested) were found. Only one patient was infected with another potential enteropathogen. In most cases the faeces were described as green, watery and offensive. Clinical features also included anorexia, vomiting and abdominal pain. The diarrhoea was moderate to severe in 15 cases and resulted in dehydration in 9 patients of whom two were more than 5% dehydrated. The diarrhoea was prolonged and persisted on average for 13 days. Excretion of oocysts did not stop with cessation of diarrhoea but continued for a further 11 days. Human beings appeared to be as important a source for Cryptosporidium as animals and it seemed possible that patients were infective throughout the period that they were excreting oocysts.
The development and performance of a simple, sensitive method for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces.
Features are described of a new staining method for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces. Smears, fixed in acid-methanol, are stained with heated safranin and counterstained with methylene blue. Oocysts stain a vivid orange-pink and are easily recognized. The method is rapid and simple with little source of error. The method is more sensitive than currently recommended Ziehl-Neelson methods; of 26 cases of cryptosporidiosis diagnosed by the new method only 19 were detected by acid-fast and only 11 by acid-alcohol-fast methods. Oocysts can be stained by safranin-methylene blue after concentration by various methods, in paraffin-embedded material, and after storage for months at various temperatures.
A death from inoculated smallpox in the English royal family.
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Recognition of whole Cryptosporidium oocysts in feces by negative staining and electron microscopy.
Crytosporidium oocysts in feces were recognizable in the electron microscope when prepared by the negative staining technique used by virologists. Their size, shape, and surface markings were sufficiently characteristic for cryptosporidiosis to be diagnosed by this method if more suitable methods are not available.
Human cryptosporidiosis: a possible case of hospital cross infection.
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Sensitive, rapid, simple methods for detecting Crysporidium in faeces.
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Pox virus infection of a domestic cat.
Pox virus infection of a domestic cat is reported. It was manifest clinically as a skin infection which resolved within two months. Histopathology and electron microscopy of the epidermis revealed inclusion bodies typical of pox virus infection. Serological examination of convalescent serum confirmed recent pox virus infection. Cow pox virus was considered as the most likely infectious agent in this case.
An outbreak of cowpox in captive cheetahs: virological and epidemiological studies.
This paper describes virological and epidemiological features of an infection which killed two of three affected cheetahs at Whipsnade Park in 1977. Two animals had profuse skin lesions and the third had an acute haemorrhagic pneumonia. The outbreak was shown to be caused by cowpox virus. Cowpox virus is believed to circulate in small wild animals, but the source of infection was not traced despite virological and serological tests on 93 captive and 102 wild animals. Sub-clinical infections did not occur in susceptible contact cheetahs. Immune globulin did not influence the outcome and smallpox vaccine does not take in cheetahs. Management of any future outbreak will rely on prompt diagnosis and segregation of infected animals.
The surface antigens of orthopoxviruses detected by cross-neutralization tests on cross-absorbed antisera.
Cross-neutralization tests were done on accepted species and recently isolated members of the genus Orthopoxvirus using antisera which had been separately absorbed with the various viruses. The results provided evidence for the involvement of four neutralizing antigens, and their distribution among 13 virus strains was determined. Monkeypox (Congo-8-Lombe), camelpox (Gorgan), ectromelia (Mill Hill), 'Lenny' and elephant poxviruses had distinctive antigenic formulae. Lister and Wyeth vaccines were indistinguishable but different from Copenhagen and EM63 vaccines which were themselves distinct. Cowpox (Brighton), buffalopox (BP4), MK 10, and Moscow poxviruses were indistinguishable. Examples were found where viruses shared surface antigens but were not all neutralized by antibody to them. this reduced the practical value of the technique for virus identification. Evidence was also obtained for the existence in some viruses of a fifth antigen, antibody to which could block neutralization by antibody to one particular antigen.
An unauthorized contemporary reprinting of Jenner's paper on the cuckoo.
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Cowpox virus infection in unusual hosts.
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Comparison of cowpox-like viruses isolated from European zoos. Brief report.
Poxviruses isolated from captive carnivores in Russia (Moscow virus) and elephants in Germany (elephant virus) were very closely-related to cowpox virus. Immunological analysis with absorbed sera separated elephant virus but not cowpox and Moscow virus, whereas polypeptide analysis separated cowpox but not elephant and Moscow virus. A combination of biological tests separated all three. The epidemiological implications are briefly reviewed.
Antibody studies in natural bovine cowpox.
Serological studies on cows recovered from natural cowpox indicated that Haemagglutinin-Inhibiting (HAI) antibody persisted for at least 27 weeks, and Virus Neutralizing (VN) antibody persisted for at least 98 weeks.
Edward Jenner, William Woodville, and the origins of vaccinia virus.
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Structural polypeptides of Orthopoxvirus: their distribution in various members and location within the virion.
The structural polypeptides of accepted species and recently isolated members of the genus Orthopoxvirus have been examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The viruses shared many polypeptides but some differences were found. The viruses could be divided into a vaccinia group (including buffalopox, 'Lenny' and MK-10), an ectromelia group (including elephant virus and Moscow virus), cowpox, camelpox and monkeypox. Minor differences were found in the polypeptides of monkeypox virus strains from human and monkey outbreaks. Controlled degradation of virions showed that the polypeptides which enabled the viruses to be differentiated were located in the surface and sub-surface layers. The cores of the viruses all gave the same complex polypeptide pattern.