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D Baxby

Publications and source records attributed to D Baxby.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Should smallpox virus be destroyed? The relevance of the origins of vaccinia virus.

The fate of surviving stocks of smallpox virus is still uncertain, and it is important that arguments in favour of retention or destruction should present balanced evidence. This article balances the view, probably incorrect and possibly alarmist presented earlier in this Journal by Peter Razzell, that vaccinia and cowpox viruses were derived from smallpox virus. The generally accepted alternative view that all three viruses are independent species and that smallpox virus could not emerge through simple mutation of the other two is presented, together with appropriate literature citations.

Cowpox↗
PubMed1996

Cowpox.

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Animals↗
PubMed1996

The Jenner bicentenary: the introduction and early distribution of smallpox vaccine.

This review describes the background to Jenner's first vaccination, his later work, and the dissemination of information about vaccination and the vaccine itself. Although based on relatively slender evidence, Jenner's theories were basically sound and he merits the credit given him. Given the circumstances, particularly the slow speed of travel and the lack of information about the duration of immunity, vaccination became established very quickly in many countries.

Cowpox↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of the susceptibility of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus and to cowpox virus.

Sylvatic rabies can be efficiently controlled by vaccination of foxes with a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus. However, the risk of recombination between the engineered vaccine virus and other orthopoxviruses endemic in wildlife, such as cowpox virus, still needs to be investigated. In this study, foxes inoculated orally and intradermally with cowpox virus were found to be not very susceptible to cowpox virus, which was isolated from only the oropharynx and tonsils, at low titre and for only five days after inoculation. Thus the risk of recombination between these viruses in foxes is very low.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Serological evidence for the reservoir hosts of cowpox virus in British wildlife.

The reservoir host of cowpox virus in Western Europe is not known, but epidemiological evidence from human and feline infections indicates that the virus is probably endemic in small wild rodents. Therefore, serum and tissue samples were collected from a variety of wild British mammals and some birds, and tested for evidence of Orthopoxvirus infection. Antibody reacting with cowpox virus was detected in 9/44 (20%) bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), 8/24 (33%) field voles (Microtus agrestis), 17/86 (20%) wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and 1/44 house mice (Mus musculus), but in no other animal species tested. Although virus was not isolated from any animal, this serological survey, together with other evidence, suggests that bank and field voles and wood mice are the main reservoir hosts of cowpox virus in Great Britain.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Human cowpox 1969-93: a review based on 54 cases.

This survey of the clinical and epidemiological features of human cowpox, a rare but relatively severe zoonotic infection, is based on 54 cases, many unpublished, which we have studied since 1969. Patients present with painful, haemorrhagic pustules or black eschars, usually on the hand or face, accompanied by oedema, erythema, lymphadenopathy, and systemic involvement. Severe, occasionally fatal, cases occur in eczematous and immunosuppressed individuals, although cowpox has not yet been reported in anyone infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Variations in the clinical features are described, and the differential clinical diagnosis of cowpox, parapox, herpes virus, and anthrax infections is discussed. The role of the laboratory in diagnosis is described, and the value of electron microscopy in providing rapid confirmation is emphasized. Care in taking a detailed history will assist in the initial clinical diagnosis, and a history of contact with domestic cats, particularly during July-October, is important. The possible influence of smallpox vaccination on the incidence and severity is discussed and discounted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Indications for smallpox vaccination: policies still differ.

The need for vaccination of those handling vaccinia and other related orthopoxviruses is still uncertain, with UK and US authorities adopting different policies. The former revised an earlier decision and now no longer recommend vaccination; the latter confirmed earlier decisions to recommend vaccination. These policies are reviewed in the light of evidence on the safety and efficacy of smallpox vaccine.

Contraindications↗
PubMed1993

Cowpox can mimic anthrax.

We report a patient suffering from cowpox infection, in whom the clinical features mimicked those of anthrax. The infection may have been acquired as a result of contact with a rodent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Characterization of orthopoxviruses isolated from feline infections in Britain.

The biological properties and genomes of orthopoxviruses isolated from cats in Britain were compared with strains of cowpox virus isolated from cows and their handlers. All the isolates tested produced haemorrhagic pocks and A-type inclusions on the CAM, but did not produce pocks above 40 degrees C. Thus the feline isolates behaved as typical strains of cowpox virus. Differences were found in the heat resistance of the virions and in the character of the A-type inclusion which did not correlate with the host from which the viruses were isolated. Analysis of the genomes with a variety of restriction endonucleases showed very close relationship between all the isolates and also failed to separate feline isolates from cowpox virus. However again minor differences, which may prove to be of epidemiological value were detected. We conclude that the orthopoxvirus currently isolated from domestic cats in Britain is cowpox virus and that there is no evidence that a feline variant or subspecies circulates in Britain.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Potential use of non-replicating vectors as recombinant vaccines.

Avipoxviruses, members of the Poxvirus family, are naturally restricted in that productive replication takes place only in avian species. Recent work has described the construction of Avipox recombinants using fowlpox and canarypox viruses. Preparation of recombinant fowlpox viruses which express immunogens from avian pathogens and successful vaccination of poultry have been reported. Recombinant fowlpox and canarypox viruses which express immunogens from mammalian pathogens have also been described and have been demonstrated to provide protective immunity on inoculation in non-avian species. This is a surprising result. Such non-replicating expression vectors provide the possibility of developing safe, effective vaccines which combine the advantages of killed and live vaccines.

Fowlpox virus↗
PubMed1991

Smallpox.

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AIDS Vaccines↗