Current status of cardiac resynchronization therapy.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiac resynchronization therapy with biventricular pacing has rapidly emerged as an indispensable treatment option in patients with moderate-to-advanced heart failure and left bundle branch block. New findings on the pathophysiology of cardiac resynchronization therapy and its clinical effects are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Several randomized trials have evaluated the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on cardiac haemodynamics and clinical parameters in selected heart failure patients with left bundle branch block. The effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on mechanical synchrony have been evaluated by different imaging modalities, such as echocardiography and radionuclide angiography. Cardiac resynchronization therapy leads to improved haemodynamics at a diminished energy cost, and improves functional mitral regurgitation. This haemodynamic improvement is associated with a significantly better quality of life, improved exercise capacity, and less frequent hospitalization. Recent preliminary data suggest a positive effect on cardiac mortality. However, approximately a third of implanted patients do not benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy, and therefore additional criteria for the identification of mechanical dyssynchrony are needed to identify those patients who will respond before implantation. SUMMARY: Many randomized trials have confirmed the benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy in selected heart failure patients. The successful resynchronization of the ventricular activation-contraction sequence is the major determinant of acute haemodynamic and long-term clinical improvement. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the non-invasive identification of mechanical dyssynchrony may be improved by echocardiography, but further research is needed to identify the optimal strategy for patient identification.