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Biomedical subjects

C T Beck

Publications and source records attributed to C T Beck.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
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Comparative analysis of the performance of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale with two other depression instruments.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression affects approximately 13% of mothers but up to 50% of all cases of this tragic illness can go undetected. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of a newly created instrument, the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS), with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a general depression scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). METHOD: In this methodological design a total of 150 new mothers completed these three instruments in random order, followed immediately by a DSM-IV diagnostic interview. Using the LABROC I program, the areas under each of the instrument's Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves were compared to determine if they were significantly different. RESULTS: Eighteen (12%) of the women were diagnosed with major postpartum depression, 28 women (19%) with minor postpartum depression, and 104 women (69%) with no depression. Compared to the EPDS, the PDSS had a significantly larger area under the ROC curve when screening for major or minor postpartum depression. When using the published recommended cut-off scores for major depression for the three instruments, the PDSS achieved the highest combination of sensitivity, 94%, and specificity, 98%. When detecting women with major or minor postpartum depression, the PDSS again yielded the highest combination of sensitivity (91%) and specificity (72%) of the three instruments. The PDSS identified 17 (94%) of the women diagnosed with major postpartum depression, the EPDS identified 14 of these women (78%), and the BDI-II identified 10 of the 18 women (56%). CONCLUSION: If mothers identified as "most depressed" are substantially determined by the instrument used, the implications for both research and clinical practice are significant. Researchers and clinicians need to be aware of the differential sensitivity of depression instruments which, while supposedly measuring the same construct, are focused on different components of this mood disorder.

Adolescent↗
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Predictors of postpartum depression: an update.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 13% of women experience postpartum depression. Early recognition is one of the most difficult challenges with this mood disorder because of how covertly it is suffered. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to update the findings of an earlier meta-analysis of postpartum depression predictors that had synthesized the results of studies conducted mostly in the 1980s. METHOD: A meta-analysis of 84 studies published in the decade of the 1990s was conducted to determine the magnitude of the relationships between postpartum depression and various risk factors. Using the software system Advanced Basic Meta-Analysis, effect sizes were calculated three ways: unweighted, weighted by sample size, and weighted by quality index score. RESULTS: Thirteen significant predictors of postpartum depression were revealed. Ten of the 13 risk factors had moderate effect sizes while three predictors had small effect sizes. The mean effect size indicator ranges for each risk factor were as follows: prenatal depression (.44 to .46), self esteem (.45 to. 47), childcare stress (.45 to .46), prenatal anxiety (.41 to .45), life stress (.38 to .40), social support (.36 to .41), marital relationship (.38 to .39), history of previous depression (.38 to .39), infant temperament (.33 to .34), maternity blues (.25 to .31), marital status (.21 to .35), socioeconomic status (.19 to .22), and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy (.14 to .17). CONCLUSIONS: Results confirmed findings of an earlier meta-analysis and in addition revealed four new predictors of postpartum depression: self-esteem, marital status, socioeconomic status, and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy.

Anxiety↗
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A mini publication workshop for students.

A mini workshop on publishing is one teaching strategy that has been successfully used to teach a research class how to disseminate research findings. By taking students step by step through the publication process, using specific examples from faculty members' publishing experiences, some of the mystery behind publishing is lifted. Also, nursing students become more confident in their own ability to publish manuscripts.

Education, Nursing↗
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How students perceive faculty caring: a phenomenological study.

Caring must be visible in the learning environment. To nurture nursing students' capacity to care, the author studied student perceptions of caring nursing student-faculty experiences. Faculty members are encouraged to provide an environment and means for nursing students to gain the skills necessary to professionalize human caring.

Adult↗
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Caring among nursing students.

Nursing students need to have a sense of being cared for in order to nurture their own ability to care for others. This phenomenologic study explored the meaning of caring among nursing students. Fifty-three nursing students were asked to describe a situation in which they had experienced caring from another nursing student. Their written descriptions were analyzed using Van Kaam's phenomenologic method. Four necessary constituents of a caring experience among nursing students emerged: Authentic presencing, selfless sharing, fortifying support, and enriching effects. The enriching effects of caring experiences among nursing students that were revealed support the author's stance that, along with faculty, nursing students can also be role models for caring.

Adult↗
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Caring relationships between nursing students and their patients.

The meaning of a caring experience between a nursing student and a patient was explored in this phenomenologic study. Twenty-two undergraduate students wrote an in-depth account of a caring experience they had with one of their patients. Using Van Manen's phenomenologic approach, the following five essential themes of a caring nursing student-patient experience emerged: authentic presence, competence, emotional support, physical comforting, and positive consequences. Implications for nurse educators are addressed.

Caregivers↗
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Burnout in undergraduate nursing students.

Quantitative research using the Maslach Burnout Inventory has revealed that nursing students experience burnout and that their levels of burnout are comparable to working nurses. To explore the meaning of burnout as experienced by nursing students, a phenomenological research design was used. Once the essence of nursing students' experience of burnout is discovered, faculty members can design strategies targeted at the specific themes that emerged to help prevent burnout in their students. Twenty-eight sophomore nursing students described a situation in which they had experienced burnout during their nursing program. Using Colaizzi's phenomenological method, the following nine theme clusters emerged: engulfing demands, time pressure, no outlet, physically debilitating, emotionally overwhelming, lack of concentration, decreased motivation, impeding relationships, and coping attempts. Implications for nurse educators are addressed, along with specific interventions to help prevent burnout in undergraduate nursing students.

Adult↗
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Opening students' eyes. The process of selecting a research instrument.

The selection of a research instrument to collect data is crucial to the success of a study. This choice can be one of the most time-consuming and challenging tasks in the research process. If they have not been involved in conducting a research study themselves, nursing students are unaware of the intricacies involved in the decision-making process for selection of an instrument. The author describes a teaching strategy to help nursing students appreciate the many components involved in this critical and challenging step in the research process. The example used is from the author's research program on postpartum depression, which describes step by step the author's decision-making process for selection of an instrument.

Data Collection↗
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Patient acceptance of fetal monitoring as a helpful tool.

In 1972, 50 women on a postpartum unit were interviewed to investigate responses to fetal monitoring. Not one woman interviewed had a positive initial response; 31 women had negative initial responses. In 1977, in a replication of the study, 11 women had positive initial responses, 11 had negative initial responses, and 28 had neutral initial responses. Two significant findings: 1) older women initially reacted more positively to fetal monitoring than younger women; and 2) married women initially reacted more positively to fetal monitoring than single women. This indicates a need for nurses to be more sensitive to young, single women's initial responses to fetal monitoring. In the 1977 study subsequent responses were 37 positive, 4 negative, and 9 neutral.

Adolescent↗
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Fundamentals of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing research: Part I.

The basics of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing research are discussed in a three-part article series. In Part I, the first six steps of the research process, including the research problem, literature review, theoretical framework, variables, hypotheses, and sampling, are explained. Parts II and III will appear in the July/August and September/October 1989 issues respectively. Highlighting each step of the research process are examples from published nursing research in the areas of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing.

Gynecology↗
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The research critique. General criteria for evaluating a research report.

General criteria for evaluating a research report are addressed. This outline of criteria can be used as a guide for nurses in critiquing research studies. A sample research report is summarized followed by a critique of the study. Readers have an opportunity to practice critiquing by doing their own analyses before reading the critique presented in the article.

Data Collection↗
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Maternity blues and postpartum depression.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between maternity blues and postpartum depression in mothers discharged early from the hospital and those discharged after the customary length of hospital stay. DESIGN: A descriptive correlation design. SETTING: 550-bed community and teaching hospital in the midwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS: 49 privately paying, primiparous, American-born women, 18 years of age or older, with uncomplicated pregnancies and vaginal deliveries of healthy neonates weighing 2,600-4,000 g. MEASURES: Stein Maternity Blues Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were used to collect data. RESULTS: No significant differences found between the two groups of mothers; significant relationships found between maternity blues at 1 week after delivery and postpartum depression at 6 and 12 weeks after delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Early discharge appears to pose no threat to psychologic well-being. Primiparas experiencing more severe maternity blues are at increased risk for postpartum depression.

Adult↗
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Perceptions of nurses' caring by mothers experiencing postpartum depression.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the meaning of nurses' caring for mothers experiencing postpartum depression. DESIGN: Phenomenological research design; in depth, unstructured interviews were conducted. SETTING: The interviews were conducted in the mothers' homes. PARTICIPANTS: A purposive sample of 10 mothers who had experienced postpartum depression. RESULTS: Using Colaizzi's (1978) phenomenological method, the transcriptions of these interviews were analyzed. Seven themes emerged that illustrated nurses' caring for mothers experiencing postpartum depression: having sufficient knowledge about postpartum depression; using astute observation and intuition to make quick, correct diagnoses; providing hope that the mothers' living nightmares will come to an end; readily sharing their time; making appropriate referrals for the right path to recovery; providing continuity of care; and understanding what the mothers were experiencing. CONCLUSIONS: The exhaustive description of caring that emerged from this phenomenological study will help sensitize nurses to issues to consider in caring for mothers experiencing postpartum depression.

Clinical Nursing Research↗