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C S Muir

Publications and source records attributed to C S Muir.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Estimates of the worldwide frequency of sixteen major cancers in 1980.

The numbers of new cancer cases in 16 common sites occurring in 1980 have been estimated for 24 areas of the world for which the United Nations produces population estimates. For the world as a whole, the total number of new cases was 6.35 million, almost exactly evenly divided between the developed and developing countries. In males, the most important sites were lung, stomach, colon/rectum, mouth/pharynx, prostate and oesophagus, and in females breast, cervix, colon/rectum, stomach, corpus uteri and lung. When the two sexes are combined, stomach cancer emerges as the most common cancer in 1980 (669,400 new cases per year), but this estimate is only slightly greater than that of lung cancer (660,500 new cases), and comparisons with earlier estimates for 1975 suggest that, with declining incidence rates for stomach cancer and the continuing rise for lung cancer, the latter would become the most common cancer in the world by the end of 1981. The implications for cancer control in the developed and developing countries of the world are discussed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of lung cancer incidence rates by histological type in high and low incidence countries, with reference to the limited role of smoking.

To find a clue to lung cancer etiology in Japan, differences in the pattern of lung cancer histology and related time trends between Osaka, Japan, and the North West Region of England were investigated. Material comprised all incident lung cancer cases registered in both regional registries (14,521 in the Osaka Cancer Registry and 29,859 in the North West Regional Cancer Registry). (1) The age-standardized incidence rate of lung cancer was higher in the North West Region than in Osaka (80.4 among males and 20.9 among females per 100,000 population in 1979-82 versus 32.1 and 9.2 respectively). (2) A higher proportion of adenocarcinoma was observed in Osaka (36.3% in males and 62.0% in females) than in the North West Region (12.3% and 18.9% respectively). (3) Using the relative frequencies of each histological type according to sex and age-group, age-standardized incidence rates were calculated for the main lung cancer histological types. It was shown that the incidence rates of adenocarcinoma were similar in the two areas (10.6 in males and 5.3 in females in Osaka versus 10.0 and 3.5 in the North West Region, respectively) while those of squamous cell and small cell carcinomas were much higher in the North West Region than in Osaka. (4) Time trends of incidence rates showed an increase only for adeno- and small cell carcinomas in Osaka. Slight increases were observed for adenocarcinoma in both sexes and for squamous cell carcinoma in females in the North West Region. (5) Considering cigarette consumption and the relative risks of smoking in the two areas, the possible existence of other risk factors for adenocarcinoma in both sexes in Japan, besides active smoking, was suggested.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

Concordance of histological classification of lung cancer with special reference to adenocarcinoma in Osaka, Japan, and the North-West Region of England.

In routinely collected data adenocarcinoma of the lung appeared to be 3 times more frequent in Osaka, Japan, than in the North-Western (NW) Region of England (Manchester). Before embarking on comparative epidemiological studies, it was decided to investigate the comparability of histological diagnosis. Specimens from 60 NW Region lung cancer patients and 52 Osaka patients were exchanged and reviewed. The entire material was then independently assessed by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Histological Classification of Tumours. The interpretation of the WHO Classification (WHO, 1981) by the NW Region and by Osaka was upheld by the WHO Collaborating Centre in 89% and 93% of all cases and in 97% and 100% of adenocarcinoma cases respectively. Agreement between the 2 centres was 88% for the main cell types. Differences in the frequency of adenocarcinoma of lung between the NW Region and Osaka are thus not due to diagnostic artefact and require further exploration. The aetiological implications of the finding that many Chinese and Japanese women with lung adenocarcinoma do not smoke (77% in Osaka) are discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

Diet and cancer: value of different types of epidemiological studies.

Diet and nutrition are increasingly recognized as likely to be major determinants of cancer, notably cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, endometrium, ovary, and prostate. Dietary factors may collectively account for a greater proportion of all cancers that occur in contemporary Western society than does any other category of environmental exposure (1). With the development of knowledge of the protective properties of certain components of food, links with diet have been suggested for other cancer sites (2). The epidemiological evidence for the association of diet and cancer is, however, not uniformly convincing; also, the likely biological pathways are not always clear. In this paper, we comment on some current hypotheses in this area and examine the best epidemiological methods to test them.

Diagnosis-Related Groups↗
PubMed1985

Prostatic cancer: some epidemiological features.

Prostatic cancer is a frequent tumour in old men. The disease is very common in North America, particularly among Blacks, and in Scandinavia, while it is currently rare in Asian countries. Both morbidity and mortality rates have increased in most areas in recent years, the rate of increase being greatest in populations where the risk has hitherto been low. "Latent" (microscopic) prostatic cancer is much commoner than overt clinical prostatic cancer and, in contrast to the latter, the prevalence is similar in a wide spectrum of countries and ethnic groups. Detection of these latent tumours is dependent on medical care variables. The relationships between tumor development, latency and progression are not understood. It may be useful to consider "latent" prostatic cancer as a separate entity in future classifications and epidemiological research. Hormonal, sexual, dietary, chemical and genetic factors have been implicated in the aetiology although the mechanisms by which they act and the relationships between these factors are not known. As a high fat diet has been found to increase risk in case-control studies, a plausible sequence of events would be a fat-induced change of hormone profile with increased uptake by the prostate of male sex hormones leading to carcinoma--as in the rat. The evidence is however by no means entirely consistent and should be explored further in studies of the US Black and White populations, populations with age-standardized incidence rates in the order of 100 and 50 per 100,000 per annum respectively. If it be accepted that the factors leading to latent carcinoma of prostate are evenly distributed throughout the world, then studies directed at uncovering the agents responsible for progression from latent to clinically invasive state could be rewarding. Such studies would need to be large, prospective in nature and would require a high frequency of autopsy of cohort members to ascertain whether the prostate was cancer free or not. Prevention is not feasible on the basis of current knowledge and further inquiry regarding the aetiopathogenesis of prostatic cancer is needed before preventive approaches can be envisaged.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

Cancer data systems.

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Abstracting and Indexing↗