Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

C S Goodwin

Publications and source records attributed to C S Goodwin.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Enterotoxigenic Aeromonas hydrophila and diarrhoea in adults.

Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the faeces of 32 patients during a nine month period in three hospitals in Western Australia. All 32 isolates produced enterotoxin which was detected by the suckling-mouse test, and all patients except one had diarrhoea. Treatment should be considered in patients with chronic diarrhoea and in those with malignant disease or with hepatobiliary disease who are at risk of developing aeromonas septicaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

O antigen loss by semi-rough E. coli causing recurrent urinary infections, analysed by gel column filtration and gas-liquid chromatography.

The surface polysaccharides of Escherichia coli isolated from 6 patients with recurrent urinary infection were studied serologically and chemically. In 4 patients multiple isolates were obtained. The first isolate from each of these patients was a smooth strain which could be serotyped with O antisera. The second isolates from 3 of these patients, obtained at intervals of 1-6 wk, were semi-rough strains. They could not be serotyped after culture on nutrient agar but could be serotyped after subculture on blood agar. In each patient the serotype remained the same. Gel column filtration of the polysaccharides, and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of the trimethyl-silylated sugars showed that smooth strains carried a preponderance of O-specific carbohydrate with little core carbohydrate. The semi-rough strains had lost nearly all their O-specific carbohydrate. The change from smooth to semi-rough involved the progressive loss of full length O-specific side-chains rather than a widespread 'shortening' of these side-chains. In patients chronically infected with the same strain of E. coli it has been shown that GLC analysis of the carbohydrates of different isolates of the same strain in one patient will vary because often the strain will undergo a smooth to semi-rough or rough variation. This variation indicates that GLC analysis of extracted carbohydrates would often not be able to determine whether multiple isolates of E. coli from one patient were the same or different strains.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1981

High-dose co-trimoxazole and its penetration through uninflamed meninges.

Normal doses of co-trimoxazole (two ampoules or two tablets twice a day) gave low cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in neurosurgical patients. For two years, four ampoules of co-trimoxazole twice a day, followed by four tablets twice a day, which were administered to neurosurgical patients and to patients admitted to hospital with skull fractures, produced no toxicity and this regimen has not been associated with postoperative meningitis. After the high-dose regimen in patients with uninflamed meninges, trimethoprim concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid ranged from 2.6 mumol/L to 12.4 mumol/L (0.75 mg/L to 3.6 mg/L), and in the serum from 9.6 mumol/L to 42.7 mumol/L (2.8 mg/L to 12.4 mg/L). However, the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of the spinal fluids and sera were very variable, some with high concentrations appearing to have negligible antibacterial activity in vitro. We have treated a few patients with serious infections with dosages of 12 ampoules or 12 tablets twice a day with successful results. Studies of serum folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and granulocyte dihydrofolate reductase levels showed no toxic effects from the high-dose regimen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The association of bacteriuria and reduced serum pyridoxal concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Of 1017 patients admitted to the Royal Perth Hospital Diabetic Survey 142 were found to have significant bacteriuria. In these bacteriuric patients serum pyridoxal concentrations were significantly reduced (P = less than 0.001) when compared with 142 diabetic patients matched for age (+/- 5 years) and sex but without infection of the urinary tract. Measurements were repeated up to 6 mth after antibacterial treatment and serum pyridoxal concentrations were still low. Pyridoxal has a role in immunological competence, and it is possible that the increased incidence of urinary tract infection in patients with diabetes reflects impaired immunological competence due to pyridoxal deficiency.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1980

Antibiotics--their administration, choice and prophylactic use.

A wider range of antibiotics is now available with the advent of two new cephalosporins--cefamandole and cefuroxime, and the first cephamycin--cefoxitin. These drugs may be particularly useful in the treatment of septicaemia, and when combined with ticarcillin are effective against nearly all pathogens. Cefuroxime can be given intramuscularly. Intravenous cotrimoxazole must be given in large doses to achieve therapeutic concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid. The correct use of antibiotics for prophylaxis demands an accurate knowledge of the organisms likely to cause infection and the most efficient way of using the antibiotics to prevent that infection. There is little argument about the need for prophylaxis to prevent recurrent rheumatic heart disease or tetanus from a contaminated wound. However, in the various areas of surgery a wide range of antibiotics is used not always as a result of controlled trials having proved their value. Non-surgical situations for prophylaxis are briefly reviewed.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1979

Intracranial abscess.

Thirty-one patients with intracranial abscess who were treated at Royal Perth Hospital during the past 10 years are reviewed. There were 17 males and 14 females with a mean age of 39.2 years. Fifteen deaths indicate an over-all mortality of 45%. However, the mortality was 62% in the first five years, and 39% during the latter five years. The clinical features of the patients are reviewed. Factors contributing to the high mortality were severe local and multisystem disease, delay in diagnosis and surgical drainage, and inappropriate or inadequate antibiotic therapy. The use of high doses of antibiotics is suggested and recommendations are made concerning appropriate regimens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Lysis if enterobacteria by cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cephalothin.

Cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cephalothin were added to dense populations of beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria, and the subsequent turbidity changes were monitored continuously. Viable counts and antibiotic assays were made at intervals after the addition of antibiotic, and the morphological appearances of the organisms were observed. Cephalothin caused lysis of most of the organisms tested, but even at high concentrations, after a few hours the antibiotic was destroyed and the organisms recommenced logarithmic growth. Cefoxitin produced lysis of all the strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species tested, with supression of regrowth. With cephalothin and cefoxitin the viable counts after the addition of antibiotic correlated with the turbidity measurements. Cefuroxime infrequently caused lysis that suppressed multiplication, and the organisms became long and filamentous while the turbidity readings increased; the viable counts did not correlate with the turbidity measurements. Cefuroxime and cefoxitin were not destroyed by the beta-lactamases of any of the strains of enterobacteria that were studied.

Bacteriolysis↗
PubMed1976

Cephazolin treatment of pneumonia in the elderly.

Cephazolin, a semi-synthetic cephalosporin for parenteral use, was evaluated in 39 elderly hospital patients. Thirty-three of these patients were seriously ill at the start of treatment, suffering from pulmonary infections. In the other six patients, the drug was used post-operatively as a prophylactic, and it was effective in all cases in preventing any subsequent infection. Cephazolin was very effective in the treatment of 27 of the severely ill patients; the primary pathogen was eradicated and there was good clinical improvement. In two patients the primary pathogens were resistant to cephazolin, and the antibiotic therapy was changed after sensitivities were known. Of four patients with Haemophilus influenzae infection, clinical cure was obtained in two. Cephazolin therapy was discontinued in one woman because she developed a rash. However, there were no major toxic effects of therapy in terms of hepatic, renal or haematological function. No patient complained of pain when the intramuscular therapy was given. A dose of 1 g IM twice daily was shown to produce consistently high serum concentrations. Thus, in the elderly, the advantages of cephazolin are its lack of nephrotoxicity even when diuretic therapy is being administered concurrently, its lack of pain on intramuscular injection, and its sustained concentrations in the blood and urine so that it only requires to be given twice daily. In vitro studies showed that cephazolin is more active than cephaloridine against hospital pathogens.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports. 1. Description of the system.

From March 1974 all reports from this microbiology department have been computer printed and filed. The system was designed to include every medically important microorganism and test. Technicians at the laboratory bench made their results computer-readable using Port-a-punch cards, and specimen details were recorded on paper-tape, allowing the full description of each specimen to appear on the report. A summary form of each microbiology phrase enabled copies of reports to be printed on wide paper with 12 to 18 reports per sheet; such copies, in alphabetical order for one day, and cumulatively for one week were used by staff answering enquiries to the office. This format could also be used for printing allthe reports for one patient. Retrieval of results from the files was easily performed and was useful to medical and laboratory staff and for control-of-infection purposes. The system was written in COBOL and was designed to be as cost-effective as possible without sacrificing accuracy; the cost of a report and its filing was 17-97 pence.

Computers↗
PubMed1976

Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports. 2. Evaluation and comparison with a manual system, and comparison of two manual systems.

A manual system of microbiology reporting with a National Cash Register (NCR) form with printed names of bacteria and antiboitics required less time to compose reports than a previous manual system that involved rubber stamps and handwriting on plain report sheets. The NCR report cost 10-28 pence and, compared with a computer system, it had the advantages of simplicity and familarity, and reports were not delayed by machine breakdown, operator error, or data being incorrectly submitted. A computer reporting system for microbiology resulted in more accurate reports costing 17-97 pence each, faster and more accurate filing and recall of reports, and a greater range of analyses of reports that was valued particularly by the control-of-infection staff. Composition of computer-readable reports by technicians on Port-a-punch cards took longer than composing NCR reports. Enquiries for past results were more quickly answered from computer printouts of reports and a day book in alphabetical order.

Attitude↗
PubMed1976

Beta-lactamase resistance of cephazolin and other cephalosporins.

The turbidities of cultures of bacterial were monitored continuously at 37 degrees C. in a biophotometer. In the early phase of logarithmic growth, at approximately 2 X 10(7) organisms per ml., antibiotic was added. A strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that was ampicillim-resistant, but cephaloridine-sensitive, produced beta-lactamase rapidly as shown by the breakdown of a chromogenic cephalosporin. The E. coli was lysed by cephaloridine 15 minutes after the addition of the antibiotic, but, even with a concentration 8-fold greater than the MIC, after 3.5 hours the antibiotic was not detectable in the culture medium and the strain had recommenced logarithmic growth. In the presence of a concentration of cephazolin 4-fold greater than the MIC the E. coli lysed after 30 minutes and did not recommence growth 6 hours, indicating much slower destruction of the antibiotic, presumably due to the greater beta-lactamase resistance of cephazolin. Similar results were obtained with other E. coli and a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Amidohydrolases↗