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Biomedical subjects

C Lundberg

Publications and source records attributed to C Lundberg.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The role of histamine and serotonin in the inflammatory reaction in an experimental model of open wounds in the rat.

The role of histamine and serotonin in the inflammatory reaction in the granulation tissue of open wounds in the rat was studied. The model involved plastic chambers attached to the edges of two open circular full-thickness skin wounds. Five days post-wounding, agonists or antagonists were applied in one of the two chambers, the adjacent wound serving as control. Thereafter blood flow and albumin extravasation were measured. Application of histamine (100 microM) caused an increase in granulation tissue blood flow by 36%, but left albumin extravasation unaffected. Treatment with mepyramine (H1 antagonist, 20 microM), cimetidine (H2 antagonist, 20 microM) or methysergide (serotonin antagonist, 20 microM) did not influence the level of either blood flow or albumin extravasation. It is suggested that endogeneous histamine and serotonin play a minor role in the inflammatory process in the granulation tissue of this model of healing wounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The inflammatory reaction in healing wounds: the role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

The inflammatory process in granulation tissue in full-thickness skin wounds was studied and the role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) in this process evaluated in an experimental model in the rat. The number of PMNLs in the wound, assessed by determination of the PMNL-specific enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in wound exudate, increased from 0.45 U/ml on day 1 after wounding to 0.8 U/ml on day 2, and then remained constant throughout the five days of observation. The concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in wound exudate increased progressively from 70 ng/ml on day 1 to 290 ng/ml on day 5. The lack of correlation between these two variables indicated that PMNLs were not the major source of PGE2. Blood flow and albumin extravasation in the granulation tissue were measured, and the relation between these two variables and PMNL accumulation was studied. Rats were rendered neutropenic with an antineutrophil serum, resulting in an 83% decrease in circulating PMNLs and a 61% decrease in granulation tissue MPO activity on day 5, as compared with rats treated with normal rabbit serum. These reductions did not, however, affect either blood flow or albumin extravasation, and no correlation was observed; but when inter-individual variations in the absolute levels of the variables measured were eliminated by calculating in each rat a left-to-right wound ratio, PMNL accumulation correlated well to both blood flow (R = 0.81) and albumin extravasation (R = 0.65). It is suggested that blood flow and albumin extravasation in the granulation tissue are influenced by local PMNL accumulation and, further, that the inflammatory response varies considerably between one animal and another.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Inflammatory reaction in an experimental model of open wounds in the rat. The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

The accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) and the concentration of prostaglandin E2 in full thickness open skin wounds, created in the back of the rat, were studied. The quantity of PMNLs in the granulation tissue, assessed by analysis of wound exudate myeloperoxidase activity, increased from 0.45 units/ml on day 1 after wounding to 0.8 units/ml on day 2 and then remained constant throughout the 5 days of observation. The prostaglandin E2 concentration in wound exudate was measured by radioimmunoassay increased progressively from 70 ng/ml on day 1 to 290 ng/ml on day 5. The lack of correlation between these two variables indicates that PMNLs were not the major source of prostaglandin E2. To study the relation between PMNL accumulation, blood flow, and albumin extravasation in the granulation tissue, rats were treated with an antineutrophil serum. This resulted in an 83% decrease in circulating PMNLs and a 61% decrease in granulation tissue myeloperoxidase activity on the 5th day, as compared with rats treated with normal rabbit serum. No relationship was observed between myeloperoxidase activity and blood flow (r = 0.37) or between myeloperoxidase activity and albumin extravasation (r = -0.34) when absolute values were compared. However, when interindividual variation in the absolute levels of the variable measured was eliminated, by calculating in each rat a left to right wound ratio, good correlations (r = 0.81 and r = 0.65, respectively) were found. It is suggested that blood flow and albumin extravasation in the granulation tissue are influenced by local PMNL accumulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Bacterial infections of the upper respiratory airways and beta-lactam antibiotics.

Infections of the upper respiratory tract, including the middle ear cleft, still create therapeutic problems. Although rhinitis is usually a virus infection, the infection of the paranasal sinuses are almost invariably of bacterial origin. Pneumococci, H. influenzae and anaerobes are the bacterial species most frequently isolated. In acute otitis media, pneumococci, H. influenzae and as demonstrated during the last few years, Branhamella catarrhalis constitutes the main pathogens. Anaerobes dominate the isolates in chronic otitis media, characterized by tissue destruction and sometimes intracranial complications. In acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis, Streptococcus pyogenes is the main bacterial pathogen whereas anaerobes are encountered in Vincent's angina, peritonsillar and parapharyngeal abscesses. The role of Branhamella in pharyngeal infections is still a subject of some dispute. In acute epiglottitis of children, H. influenzae is almost invariably isolated from the throat swabs and blood cultures. In adults, Streptococcus pyogenes and anaerobic bacteria also have to be considered as likely pathogens. The acute laryngitis has hitherto been regarded as a nonbacterial inflammation but there are reports indicating that Branhamella catarrhalis can be involved. Apparently the bacteriology of the upper respiratory tract infections have changed but little during the decades. The therapeutical problems of today are mainly due to decreased antibiotic susceptibility among the established pathogens, the presence of beta-lactamase production among bacterial species that establish the normal throat flora and lack of knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of infections of the mucous membranes.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Clindamycin in the upper respiratory tract infections.

Bacterial infections of the upper respiratory airways are common. Some of these infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus and may constitute considerable therapeutical problems. Chronic suppurative otitis media may sometimes give rise to serious osteitis of surrounding bone structures, sigmoid sinus thrombosis and intracranial abscesses. The causative microorganisms are mostly anaerobes. Many paranasal sinus infections are also due to anaerobic bacteria. These infections can rapidly cause irreversible damage of the sinus mucosa and eventually spread intracranially. Purulent parotitis is mostly seen in elderly and seriously ill patients. In the majority of the cases bacterial cultures reveal beta-lactamase-producing S. aureus. Infections of the teeth in the mandible sometimes spread into the floor of the mouth and may extend down into the throat and mediastinum. If not properly treated these anaerobic infections will prove fatal. Chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible is increasing in frequency and constitute serious therapeutical problems. Many patients cannot be protected against painful and disabling relapses. Anaerobic bacteria, emanating from the normal oropharyngeal flora, play an important part in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Retropharyngeal, parapharyngeal as well as peritonsillar infections and abscesses are mostly caused by anaerobes and demand adequate surgical and antibacterial therapy. In malignant tumors of the ear, nose or throat, anaerobic infections often deteriorate the conditions as inflammatory oedema increases the volume of the tumor and the pain of the patients. Cutaneous infections of the face and auricles caused by S. aureus may constitute therapeutical problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in inflammatory dermal sites as measured by 51Cr-labeled cells and myeloperoxidase.

Two methods for quantitating polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) accumulation in inflammatory skin lesions were studied. The lesions were produced in rats by intradermal injections of different dilutions of zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP). PMN accumulation in the skin lesions was estimated by determination of (1) homologous 51Cr-labeled PMNs and (2) activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the tissue sample. 125I-labeled human serum albumin was used for measurement of albumin extravasation. The [51Cr]PMN content and MPO activity in the skin lesions were both proportional to the concentration of ZAP injected. The correlation coefficient (r) between the two methods of measuring PMN accumulation in the inflammatory skin lesions was calculated to be 0.81 +/- 0.13 (mean +/- SD, N = 8). The proportionality of the PMN accumulation to the different dilutions of injected ZAP, as measured both by [51Cr]PMN and by MPO activity, and the correlation of the two methods to each other, suggest that these two methods are reliable for measuring PMN accumulation in vivo. The inflammatory reaction also included albumin extravasation, which reached a relatively high level already at the lowest concentration of injected ZAP and did not seem to parallel PMN accumulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Granulocyte proteases in human maxillary sinus secretions.

Retained maxillary sinus secretions from 10 consecutive patients suffering from maxillary sinusitis were studied with regard to proteolytic activity and its possible sources. All secretions were proteolytically active. In 3 purulent secretions the proteolytic activity was of the same magnitude as that of a standard with an excess of pancreatic trypsin. The enzymes responsible for the proteolytical activity were found to be mainly of granulocyte origin, neutrophil elastase, unspecific collagenase and chymotrypsin-like cationic protein (CCP).

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Pathogenesis of maxillary sinusitis.

Some recent studies concerning the pathogenesis of the maxillary sinusitis is surveyed. The importance of normal sinus ventilation for maintenance of a healthy sinus is stressed. It is concluded that granulocytes in the sinus secretion play an important role in the defence of the mucosa against potentially invading bacteria, but that the granulocytes in purulent secretions release proteases in high concentrations causing heavy inflammatory response in the mucosa. It is also concluded that although bacteria only rarely and not invariably invade the mucosa, bacteria in the secretion activate the humoral and cellular defence systems. When the stimuli are strong, the release of granulocyte protease in tissues and secretion can surpass the capacity of the locally available protease inhibitors and tissue destruction will ensue.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1983

Bacterial invasion of the sinus mucosa.

Pathohistological examinations show that bacterial infection of the sinus mucosa starts in the mucosal secretion, spreads out to the glandular cells, which are the points of least resistance, and only reaches the deeper mucosal layer when the normal arrangement of the epithelial cells and the basal membrane are broken up. Hence treatment of sinus infection starts with the restauration of the mucosa defence system and when using antibiotics it is essential that antibacterial active concentrations are established both in sinus mucosa and sinus secretion.

Granulocytes↗
PubMed1983

Methods for standardization of nasal mucosa decongestion in man.

As physical exercise has been shown to reduce nasal breathing resistance, the effect of physical exercise on the nasal mucosa congestion was studied, using rhinostereometry, an optical measurement method. Submaximal physical exercise as well as oximetazolinechloride sprayed into the nose, caused mucosal decongestion but the stimuli were not strong enough invariably to produce maximal mucosal decongestion as studied in 16 volunteers at repeated tests. Maximal physical exercise as well as oximetazolinechloride applied to the mucosa on a soaked piece of cottonwool, caused a considerable (0.5-4.1 mm) decongestion. Furthermore, in each of the 8 studied volunteers the final position of the mucosal surface was the same in repeated tests. Thus, this mucosal surface position can be considered as the state of maximal decongestion and can in physiological and pharmacological studies be used as reference position.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Regional differences in dermal inflammatory reactions.

Regional differences in dermal inflammatory reactions in the dorsum of rat trunk were studied in three commonly used inflammatory models, i.e., reverse passive Arthus reaction (RPAR), passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), and histamine-induced inflammatory (HI) reaction. The RPAR showed an increasing severity from cranial to caudal regions, as measured by water content in the skin lesions. The PCA reaction, as measured by Evans blue leakage was not influenced by regional differences. The HI reaction, as measured by water content and leakage of radioactively labeled human serum albumin ( [125I]HSA), was significantly smaller in the central regions of the dorsum than in the most cranial and sacral regions. However, no regional differences were observed when the reaction was evaluated by protein-bound Evans blue leakage. A comparison of the three different methods to determine the HI reaction showed a correlation (r = 0.70) between measurements of water content and [125I]HSA leakage. There was less correlation of these two methods with measurements of Evans blue skin lesion diameter (r = 0.31 and 0.56, respectively). In conclusion, regional differences in inflammatory responses, and methodological differences to measure them, may influence the results of commonly used tests like RPAR, PCA and HI reactions. Such differences should be considered when quantitating dermal inflammatory reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Identification of attached bacteria in the nasopharynx of the child.

Bacteria attached to epithelial cells in mucus and cell scrapings obtained from the nasopharynx in children undergoing adenoidectomy appear rather monomorphic under the microscope, and for this reason it is not possible to identify different species. To overcome this difficulty, a micromanipulation method has been devised which allows the isolation of single squamous epithelial cells seen to carry bacteria. The cells are transferred to culture media for bacteriological analysis. Ciliated epithelial cells were never seen to carry bacteria, and cultures or these cells gave no growth. Bacterial growth was found in 36 of 47 cultures of single epithelial cells seen to carry 10 to 50 bacteria. Two species were isolated from 11 cultures and three species from one culture. Viridans streptococci dominated; the most frequently isolated species was Streptococcus mitior, followed by Streptococcus group K. In all, 15 different species were found to adhere to squamous epithelial cells in the nasopharynx.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1982

Adherence in the colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx in children.

The adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to epithelial cells in mucus and to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx in children was studied with the aid of FITC-labelled anti-sera and Omni-serum. By using acridine orange as a counterstain, other bacteria could be visualized as well. S. pneumoniae was seen to adhere more frequently to desquamated cells in mucus than to squamous cells from the nasopharyngeal wall which were obtained by scraping the dorsal side of the soft palate. No bacteria were found to be attached to the ciliated and metaplastic cells collected from the adenoid surface. Although S. pneumoniae appeared in small numbers in most patients and established microcolonies which were predominantly attached to desquamated cells in mucus, signs of an ecological shift were also observed, with S. pneumoniae constituting the majority of the bacteria present. In such cases many S. pneumoniae could also be seen lying free in mucus.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1982

Quantification of the inflammatory reaction and collagen accumulation in an experimental model of open wounds in the rat. A methodological study.

An experimental model for studying the early healing of open wounds in the rat is described. With this model, exudate is easily collected, a standardized granulation tissue is achieved at different post-wounding time intervals and local treatment of the wounds is possible. The model involves the use of stainless steel rings with covers, fastened to the edges of two circular full-thickness open wounds, one on each side of the animal's back in the thoracic region. Blood flow and water content of the granulation tissue were determined acutely 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after wounding. The collagen accumulation in the granulation tissue was assessed by the amount of hydroxyproline, at the same time intervals. The amount of exudate which accumulated in the chamber was measured daily. Blood flow in the granulation tissue, as measured by radioactive microspheres, reached a maximum of 947 ml X min-1 X (100 g dry weight)-1 7 days after wounding. The water content, as assessed by freeze-drying, also reached its peak on the 7th day (5.5 ml X (g dry weight)-1). Changes in water content were found to be due to changes in interstitial fluid volume, as studied by 59Fe-labelled erythrocytes and 51Cr-EDTA. The amount of hydroxyproline in the granulation tissue increased from 22 micrograms X (mg dry weight)-1 on day 3 to 37 micrograms X (mg dry weight)-1 on day 10. Exudation increased to 28 microliters X h-1 X cm2-1 on day 4 and then declined. The results suggest that the inflammatory reaction, expressed as alterations in blood flow and water content, reaches a maximum on day 7 after wounding. The data also demonstrate a continuous increase in the collagen content of the granulation tissue during the 10-day period of observation. In addition, exudation was found to reach a peak on the 4th to 5th day, and then declined.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Anaphylactic shock in monkeys passively sensitized with human reaginic serum. I. Hemodynamics and cardiac performance.

Mechanisms inducing a low cardiac output (CO) state in IgE-mediated (cytotropic) anaphylactic shock in anesthetized Macaca irus monkeys were studied. 7 monkeys were sensitized by 2 i.v. injections of a human reaginic serum containing a high concentration of IgE antibodies against dog albumin. Anaphylactic shock was elicited 48 h after the last sensitization dose, by an i.v. injection of dog albumin. The severe anaphylactic shock which developed was characterized by an initial phase consisting of increased CO (+16%, mean value, 1 min after challenge), pulmonary hypertension and systemic vasodilatation followed by a phase consisting of decreased CO (-67%), a fall in mean arterial pressure from 113 to 45 mmHg, decreases in left and right arterial pressures (-5.3 and -3.2 mmHg, respectively) and increases in pulmonary vascular (+364%) and total peripheral (+30%) resistances. These changes were recorded 5 min after challenge and the values then remained essentially unaltered during the rest of the 30-min observation period. Pulmonary vascular resistance was only increased by 140% at the end of that period. Myocardial blood flow was maintained during shock at the expense of flow to other organs. However, initially there was a redistribution of blood flow within the left ventricular myocardium, resulting in a relative decrease in subendocardial flow. This finding was not related either to occasional S-T changes in the electrocardiograms or to the level of decreased CO. The oxygen supply to the myocardium was reduced in shock but the reduction was always smaller than the corresponding decrease in heart work. Two additional monkeys sensitized with an IgE fraction from the human serum showed a smaller amount of specific IgG in their serum prior to challenge than the other monkeys. The response to challenge was milder, but resembled the initial vasodilatory reaction in monkeys sensitized with serum. These data on cytotropic anaphylaxis in the monkey show that the main cause of decreased CO and thus of the shock state is a decreased venous return, primarily due to peripheral blood pooling and, to a smaller extent, extravasation of plasma. No appreciable involvement of the heart in the induction of shock was detected.

Albumins↗