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Biomedical subjects

C L Chiang

Publications and source records attributed to C L Chiang.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

The hepatoprotective effects of Solanum alatum Moench. on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

Solanum alatum Moench. has been shown to have a protective effect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Solanum alatum treatment (100 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT; GPT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; GOT) induced by acetaminophen (paracetamol) (600 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. It also decreased the extent of visible necrosis in liver tissue. In addition, Solanum alatum treatment restored hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion induced by acetaminophen (600 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Microsomal enzyme levels such as P-450, reductase, and aniline hydroxylation enzyme were also restored to normal levels after Solanum alatum administration. The hepatoprotective mechanism may function through direct binding with acetaminophen toxic metabolites, decreasing the attraction of acetaminophen metabolites for other cellular GSH or thiol protein. Additionally, Solanum alatum treatment increased the concentration of hepatic GSH and maintained a high level activity of GSTase, which led to acceleration of the excretion of toxic acetaminophen metabolites.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1999

The influence of propolis ethanol extract on liver microsomal enzymes and glutathione after chronic alcohol administration.

Propolis designates a series of gums, resins and balms of viscous consistency, which are gathered by honeybees from certain parts, mainly the buds and barks of plants, especially those found on coniferous trees. Bees bring propolis back to the hive, where it is modified and mixed with other substances including the bees' own wax and salivary secretions. In this study, the influences of propolis ethanol extract on chronic alcohol induced liver microsomal enzyme changes were investigated. Three grams of alcohol was added to rats' daily diet for four weeks to induce chronic alcohol liver injuries, and two different doses of propolis ethanol extract were p.o. administrated three times per day on the 28th, 29th, and 30th day. During the period of propolis administration, the ethanol diet was continued. After sacrifice, the rat livers were excised for assay of microsomal enzymes activity, glutathione (GSH) concentration, glutathione-S-transferase (GSTase) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCSase) activity. It was found that 30 mg/kg of propolis ethanol extract significantly prevented the elevations of total cytochrome P-450 enzymes, NADPH-dependent cytochrome C reductase, aniline hydroxylation, 7-ethoxyresorufin hydroxylation (7-ERH), 7-penthoxyresorufin hydroxylation (7-PRH), and lipid peroxidation induced by chronic ethanol administration. Additionally, propolis ethanol extract (100 mg/kg) also induced GSTase and gamma-GCSase activities and decreased glutathione levels in the liver.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1998

Estimation of duration of separation, widowhood, and family life cycle.

This is the second of two reports on a study of the durations related to marriage. Divorce and death of one's spouse, the main causes of dissolution of marriage, are two of the most important events in a person's life. In the United States in 1994, 30.7 million, or 16.2%, of the adult population were either divorced or widowed. Among the widowed, the female to male ratio was 5 to 1! In this paper duration of separation due to divorce and duration of widowhood are the main variables under study. Algebraic formulas are derived and computer programs are written for estimating these durations for husbands and wives, and for living couples of any age. Relations with the duration of marriage, the expectation of life, and the family life cycle are also presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of equal and unequal reinforcer duration during functional analysis.

In the functional analysis described by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982/1994), reinforcer duration varied across conditions (e.g., brief attention vs. 30 s of escape); this may result in unequal exposure to the establishing operations for aberrant behavior. In this study, we compared the effects of unequal and equal reinforcer duration during a functional analysis. The results showed that reinforcer duration affects the rate of aberrant behavior and may potentially alter functional analysis interpretation.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

Application of a recycle dialysis system in a reversed micellar reactor.

A recycle dialysis stirred cell has been successfully used for integrating the reaction and product recovery of the lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil in bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT)-iso-octane reversed micelles. The resistance of membrane to reversed micelles was monitored by the water content and found to be 95.9% rejection after 24 h and 93.4% rejection after 48 h. The resistance of the membrane to free surfactants, by monitoring the UV absorption, was found to be 98.5% rejection after 10 h and 97.3% rejection after 24 h. Mathematical formulations involving the enzymatic reaction coupled with mass transfer were developed for predicting the performance of a membrane reactor. Theoretical predictions in terms of time course of oleic acid concentrations were found to be in agreement with the experimental results.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1992

Mathematical modelling and simulation of a recycle dialysis membrane reactor in a reversed micellar system.

A mathematical framework was developed for the evaluation of a recycle dialysis membrane reactor (RDMR). The lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil in an AOT-iso-octane reversed micellar system was employed as a model. Three specific operational strategies have been considered, namely batch, fed-batch, and fed-batch--bleed. Simulation shows the conversion of substrate to be strongly dependent on efficient use of the substrate, since the permeability coefficients of both substrate and product are quite similar. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the influences of various parameters (membrane area, substrate feed rate, solvent bleed rate and permeability) on the performance of the reactor in different modes of operation. The analyses presented are useful to assist the optimization of the operational strategy used for the RDMR system.

Dialysis↗
PubMed1992

A two-state recurrent stochastic model with time-dependent transition rates.

The two-state recurrent stochastic model with time-independent transition rates is generalized to a model with time-dependent transition rates. The rates can be any general function of external time, that is, any general function of the calendar time in which the process unfolds. Formulas for the state transition probabilities, the proportion of individuals in a particular state at time t, the distribution function, and the expectation of the number of individuals in a particular state at time t are derived.

Disease↗
PubMed1992

Early diagnosis of a vein of Galen aneurysm: report of a case.

Congenital vascular malformation with an aneurysm of the vein of Galen is rarely seen, particularly in the prenatal period. With the advancement of diagnostic techniques such as ultrasonography, we were able to detect a case prenatally and to diagnose it postnatally.

Cerebral Veins↗
PubMed1991

A true rate of population growth--Lotka's intrinsic rate of natural increase revisited.

In this paper, Lotka's intrinsic rate of current population growth is evaluated. A new method of computing the net reproduction rate and a new rate of population growth are proposed. The proposed rate is the rate of growth of the female population per woman per year. The rate is positive, equal to zero, or negative as a population is increasing, remaining stationary, or decreasing. The rate for the 1987 U.S. white female population was R = -0.0037. This means that the white population was decreasing in 1987 and was losing 3.7 females for every 1000 women per year.

Female↗
PubMed1989

A survival model and estimation of time to tumor.

In this paper we introduce a stochastic model of survival distribution, where the mortality intensity is a function of the accumulated effect of an individual's continuous exposure to toxic material in the environment (absorbing coefficient) and his biological reaction to the toxin absorbed (discharging coefficient). Formulas for the density function, the distribution function, and the expectation of lifetime are presented. The paper also includes special cases where there is a change in exposure level or exposure is discontinued or exposure is discrete in time. The model is then applied to the NCTR's serial sacrifice experimental study on mice fed 2-AAF, including some mice whose feeding was discontinued. The random variable here is the time to tumor. The chi-square test shows a good fit of the model to the data (P = 0.365). In addition to the parameters and their standard errors, estimates are computed for the expectation, variance, and percentiles of time to tumor, and for the age-specific cancer incidence rates. Confidence intervals for the parameters are also given.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed1987

Phospholipids and fatty acid profile of brain synaptosomal membrane from normotensive and hypertensive rats.

1. The main synaptosomal membrane phospholipids and their acyl group profiles, from 3-4 month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), were compared with those of age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. 2. The contents of the main or total phospholipids were not found to be significantly different between these two groups. It was also true for the membrane cholesterol contents in these two groups. 3. The acyl groups of the main phospholipids from hypertensive rats were significantly higher in the saturated fatty acids: such as palmitic acid or stearic acid, and lower in polyunsaturated fatty acids: such as undecylenic acid or docosahexaenoic acid, when compared to the corresponding normotensive controls. 4. The differences in the acyl group profile of the brain membrane phospholipids of the hypertensive rats seem to reflect an abnormality in the genetically related lipolytic process.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Histocompatibility antigens controlled by the I region of the murine H-2 complex. II. K/D region compatibility is not required for I-region cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity.

In the cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity assay, A.TH effector cells sensitized to A.TL lymphocytes lyse not only A.B10.AQR effector cells lyse B10.BR and B10.BYR target cells in addition to B10.AQR cells. These findings indicate that for CML to occur across the IA region barrier, compatibility at K or D regions is not required.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Making annual indexes of health.

A discrete-state, continuous-time Markov model of health states and state transition probabilities is outlined as the basis of a health index that would reflect the annual health distribution and expected health changes of a population. The final index is an additive one, summing expected durations of the various health states over the entire population sample. The weights attached to the expected durations are derived from the instantaneous incidence rates, or intensity functions, that define the transition probabilities. A general procedure for collecting data during overlapping 6-week periods from numerous population subsamples is described.

Health Status Indicators↗
PubMed1976

Ability of H-2 regions to induce graft-vs-host disease.

Individual young adult F1 hybrid mice were irradiated with 500 R and 24 hr later injected with 5 X 10(7) spleen cells obtained from a sex-matched parental-strain donor. The injected animals were then followed for a period of 3 months and loss of body weight, mortality rate, and other signs of fatal graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) were recorded. The donor-recipient strain combinations were selected in such a way as to provide genetic differences in the entire H-2 complex, the K or D regions alone, the K or the D end, and the central (I) regions alone. The data obtained on only few combinations indicate that strong GVHD (100% mortality rate within the first month after the injection) occurs only in those donor-recipient combinations which differ in the entire H-2 complex or in the K end (K + I regions). Much weaker GVHD (mortality rate of only 50% or less and death of individual mice spread over the entire observation period) is observed when the donor and the host differ in either the K, I, or D region alone. The degree of GVHD induced by three regions, when taken singularly, is about the same. Surprisingly, the K-region GVHD was somewhat stronger in combinations of mutant strains in comparison with recombinant-strain combinations.

Animals↗