An observed role model in psychiatric nursing with implications for education.
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Education, Nursing↗
Biomedical subjects
C F Smith
Publications and source records attributed to C F Smith.
Infantile Blount disease: long-term follow-up of surgically treated patients at skeletal maturity.
Seventeen patients with infantile Blount disease who were treated by surgical correction and followed up to skeletal maturity were reviewed by clinical and radiographic examination. Patients with symptomatic knees or significant ligament instability or both underwent further evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or arthroscopy or both. Average age at time of initial surgery was 5.5 years and at final follow-up was 20.5 years. Average length of follow-up was 15 years. Recurrence of the deformity requiring repeated osteotomy occurred more frequently in children who underwent initial osteotomy at > 4 years of age or at Langenskiöld stage > or = III or both. Patients who underwent a single osteotomy for correction of their deformity had significantly decreased pain in the affected knee at maturity. All patients who were symptomatic or had significant knee instability or both had abnormal ligamentous, meniscal, or bony changes (or more than one of these) on MRI, which were confirmed by arthroscopy. Early surgical intervention during initial stages of the disease process will result in a decreased incidence of recurrence of deformity and decreased symptoms and knee pathology at skeletal maturity.
Arthroscopy↗
Development and evaluation of an ultrasonic ground water seepage meter.
Submarine ground water discharge can influence significantly the near-shore transport and flux of chemicals into the oceans. Quantification of the sources and rates of such discharge requires a ground water seepage meter that provides continuous measurements at high resolution over an extended period of time. An ultrasonic flowmeter has been adapted for such measurements in the submarine environment. Connected to a steel collection funnel, the meter houses two piezoelectric transducers mounted at opposite ends of a cylindrical flow tube. By monitoring the perturbations of fluid flow on the propagation of sound waves inside the flow tube, the ultrasonic meter can measure both forward and reverse fluid flows in real time. Laboratory and field calibrations show that the ultrasonic meter can resolve ground water discharges on the order of 0.1 microm/sec, and it is sufficiently robust for deployment in the field for several days. Data from West Neck Bay, Shelter Island, New York, elucidate the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of submarine ground water discharge and its interplay with tidal loading. A negative correlation between the discharge and tidal elevation was generally observed. A methodology was also developed whereby data for the sound velocity as a function of temperature can be used to infer the salinity and source of the submarine discharge. Independent measurements of electrical conductance were performed to validate this methodology.
Environmental Monitoring↗
Dopamine agonist activity of 8-OH-DPAT.
We have investigated the effects of 8-OH-DPAT in the mouse isolated vas deferens preparation and found it to possess a biphasic (initial inhibition followed by potentiation) dose-response curve. The initial inhibitory phase of the dose-response curve was not antagonized by naltrexone (300 nM), idazoxan (300 nM) or propranolol (300 nM), indicating that neither opioid, alpha 2- nor beta-receptors were involved in the inhibition. (+/-)-Cyanopindolol (300 nM) was also devoid of any antagonist activity versus 8-OH-DPAT, showing that the effect of the compound is not due to 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B agonist activity. Domperidone (10 nM), fluphenthixol (30 nM) and sulpiride, three chemically dissimilar DA2 antagonists, all antagonized the effects of DPAT, indicating that the compound is acting as a dopamine agonist in this preparation. A comparison, in the same preparations, of the agonist effects of DPAT and apomorphine, showed that DPAT possesses ca 0.01 the potency of apomorphine. The dose-response curve produced by DPAT was much shallower than that produced by apomorphine, indicating that DPAT is only a partial agonist in this preparation. This was confirmed by subsequent experiments which showed that DPAT, at a concentration of 3 microM, which had no effect on dose-response curves to the opioid agonist normorphine, produced a ca 10-fold shift in the dose-response curve to dopamine.
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
Characterization of the inhibitory 5-HT receptor in the rat vas deferens.
The inhibitory effects of 5-HT on the response of the rat isolated rat vas deferens preparation to electrical stimulation (0.1 Hz) has been investigated. A number of compounds, previously shown to possess antagonist activity at the rat central nervous system 5-HT autoreceptor, including methiothepin and the beta-blockers propranolol, alprenolol and cyanopindolol, have been found to possess virtually identical activity in the rat vas deferens. Cyanopindolol (Ke versus 5-HT = 4.9 nM) was the most potent antagonist tested, but was even more effective as a beta 2-antagonist (Ke = 0.14 nM) in this preparation. Prizidilol (Ke versus 5-HT = 30.2 nM, Ke versus isoprenaline = 75 nM) and acebutolol (Ke versus 5-HT = 297 nM, Ke versus isoprenaline = 3300 nM) have been identified as beta-blocking compounds that possess higher activity at the 5-HT receptor than at the beta 2-receptor. Several compounds, previously shown to possess 5-HT agonist activity, have been tested in this preparation and their potencies relative to 5-HT were as follows: 5-carboxyamidotryptamine (x 7), TFMPP (x 0.1) and LSD (x 0.04). RU24969 was found to behave as a low intrinsic activity partial agonist. All the evidence is consistent with the inhibitory 5-HT receptor present in this preparation being identical to the 5-HT autoreceptor found in the rat central nervous system which has been identified as the receptor with which the 5-HT1B binding site is associated.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
Popliteal pterygium syndrome: an orthopaedic perspective.
Popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder consisting of popliteal webs and craniofacial, genitourinary, and extremity anomalies. The popliteal webs make this syndrome particularly important to the orthopaedic surgeon. The resultant fixed flexion deformity can be severe, at times approximating the ischium to the calcaneus. The neurovascular bundle is contained in the web's posterior subcutaneous (S.C.) margin, which makes surgery precarious and difficult. We reviewed four patients between 1964 and 1986, three of whom were severely affected with fixed flexion deformities at the knee. Distal femoral shortening and extension osteotomies provided good results, and this procedure should be considered earlier rather than later in treatment of this problem.
Adolescent↗
Dopamine receptors in the mouse vas deferens.
We have investigated the effects of dopamine on the response of the mouse isolated vas deferens to electrical stimulation and, contrary to previous investigators, have found that there are specific dopamine receptors present in this tissue. A range of dopamine antagonists have been examined vs the effects of dopamine and the Ke values obtained indicate that the receptor present is of the DA2 subtype. Domperidone, spiperone and haloperidol possess a very high affinity for the receptor, whereas the selective DA1-antagonist SCH 23390 has only low affinity. Bromocriptine was found to possess both alpha 2- and dopamine agonist activity in this preparation and it is also possible to demonstrate dopamine agonist activity of noradrenaline. In the presence of alpha 2-antagonists, the mouse vas deferens is an extremely simple preparation suitable for the rapid screening of compounds for DA2-agonist or antagonist activity.
Animals↗
Opioid receptors in the mouse ileum.
A method is described for setting up a mouse ileum so as to obtain reproducible responses to electrical stimulation. The effects of the mu, kappa and delta opioid agonists on the electrically evoked response have been investigated. The results obtained show that whereas both kappa and delta receptor systems can exert marked modulatory effects on this response, the mu receptor system appears to be relatively unimportant. The selective mu agonist RX783006 has a very low agonist potency in this preparation and morphine behaves as a pure antagonist. A comparison of the Ke values of a number of antagonists at the kappa and delta systems in the mouse ileum with the kappa and delta systems in the mouse vas deferens show extremely good correlation. Because morphine shows no agonist activity in this preparation it has been possible to determine the Ke value of morphine at kappa (9.1 microM) and delta (15.6 microM) receptors. A comparison has been made between the relative proportions of opioid receptor subtypes found in the mouse ileum and those found in the mouse vas deferens and guinea-pig ileum.
Animals↗
Supracondylar femoral extension osteotomies in the treatment of fixed flexion deformity of the knee.
Thirty-two supracondylar osteotomies of the femur were performed in 20 patients for the correction of fixed flexion deformity of the knee. The patients ranged in age from two to 36 years, with an average follow-up period of 4 1/2 years. Two-thirds of the patients had underlying paralytic disease, either meningomyelocele or polio. Generally, the procedure was employed only in recalcitrant cases in which other more conservative methods had failed. Femoral shortening was the key to success. Although there was a significant complication rate, including fractures, infection, and recurrence, there were no permanent neurologic sequelae or non-unions. All patients eventually obtained satisfactory correction and function. Despite the morbidity, supracondylar extension femoral osteotomy was an effective means of treatment when more conservative methods had failed or when the deformity was particularly severe.
Adolescent↗
Advances in bone tumors.
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Bone Neoplasms↗
Discovery and characterization of an inhibitory angiotensin receptor in the guinea-pig ileum.
Using nitrendipine to block the smooth muscle contractile effects of angiotensin II, it has been shown that the agonist produces a dose-related inhibitory effect on the electrically stimulated, longitudinal smooth muscle, myenteric plexus preparation from the guinea-pig. In the absence of stimulation, there is no detectable direct relaxant effect of angiotensin II on the preparation, even when it is partially contracted with carbachol, leading to the conclusion that the inhibitory effects of angiotensin are mediated via prejunctional receptors on the neuron. A number of angiotensin antagonists, including DUP753, saralasin, SKB108566 and several nonpeptide antagonists synthesized at ZENECA, have been investigated vs (1) the inhibitory effects of angiotensin II and (2) the direct contractile effects produced in unstimulated tissues in the absence of nitrendipine. A correlation curve comparing the results from the two sets of experiments gave a slope of 1.05 and a correlation coefficient of 0.99, providing very strong evidence that the two receptor systems are pharmacologically identical. The antagonists were further evaluated vs angiotensin II in the rat fundic strip in order to (1) determine whether there was any species variation in the receptor systems and (2) provide an example of a smooth muscle preparation uncomplicated by indirect effects of transmitters released by angiotensin, as has been reported in the guinea-pig ileum. An excellent correlation was obtained between the Ke values in the fundus and the guinea-pig ileum, indicating no difference in receptors between species or between neurons and smooth muscle.
Acetylcholine↗