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Biomedical subjects

C Carbon

Publications and source records attributed to C Carbon.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

[Treatment of septicemia with latamoxef. Multicentric study of 60 cases].

Sixty patients including forty two males and eighteen females, age range: 18-87 years, received antibacterial single drug treatment with latamoxef for septicemia. Forty nine patients had underlying conditions including multiple trauma, neoplasm, cardiovascular, metabolic and respiratory tract diseases. Causative pathogens were isolated in all cases. The predominant isolates were E. coli (thirty), Klebsiella pneumoniae (tent) and Enterobacter (seven). A single organism was isolated in fifty seven cases; in the other three cases two organisms were isolated from blood cultures. Mean daily dosage was 46.6 +/- 6.1 mg . kg-1 (range: 14-113 mg . kg-1). In the majority of cases (fifty two) dosage was 3 g . d-1 or less; in thirty cases it was no higher than 2 g . d-1. Duration of therapy ranged from six to thirty eight days. Serum titer was measured in many cases and latamoxef blood levels were assayed in nine patients. A satisfactory clinical response was achieved in fifty eight cases and fifty eight bacteriological cures were also obtained. There was no statistically significant difference in therapeutic response between the 2 g and 3 g daily dosage groups. Tolerance was very good; untoward effects were few and required drug discontinuation in one case only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Serum levels of antibody to toxoid during tetanus and after specific immunization of patients with tetanus.

Levels of serum antibody to toxoid in patients with tetanus who were immunized with toxoid differed from those in immunized healthy persons in two respects. (1) Base-line levels preceding immunization were higher among patients with tetanus than among young or elderly healthy person, even though the patients with tetanus were evaluated before specific serotherapy. This observation suggests the occurrence of immunostimulation, whether specific or not, by disease during the incubation period. (2) No significant increase in levels of antibody to toxoid was detected among patients with tetanus from the first to the last evaluable serum sample, whereas a significant increase was observed among healthy persons. Specific immunosuppression induced by tetanus toxoid or serotherapy could account for this ineffectiveness of immunization among patients with tetanus, although nonspecific immunosuppression induced by prolonged and severe illness cannot be excluded. Among healthy persons, active immunization is less effective in elderly persons than in young persons [2]. However, age cannot, by itself, account for the type of antibody production observed in patients with tetanus.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Malaria].

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Adult↗
PubMed1982

Vancomycin in rabbits: pharmacokinetics, extravascular diffusion, renal excretion and interactions with furosemide.

The pharmacokinetics, renal excretion, protein binding and extravascular diffusion of vancomycin in rabbits were studied. The effects of furosemide on these different parameters also were investigated. We observed a T 1/2 of 55 min and protein binding of 65% as determined in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Vancomycin appeared to be secreted by renal tubules (fractional excretion: 177 +/- 44%). In vitro, furosemide (5 micrograms/ml) slightly decreased the vancomycin protein binding (from 65 to 57%). Furosemide significantly increased the renal excretion of vancomycin, through a tubular process without any effect on the filtered load. Vancomycin appeared slowly and at low concentrations in the extravascular fluid. The extravascular concentrations were higher when the antibiotic was administered by a 6-hr continuous infusion than when given by a 20-min infusion of the same dose. Our results suggested that the in vivo antibacterial effect to vancomycin could be enhanced by prolonged infusion. Also, it was demonstrated that furosemide has only a small effect on the kinetics of vancomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Clinical experience of cefotaxime (author's transl)].

Seventeen septicaemia, 18 urinary tract infections, 13 acute bacterial pulmonary infections and 7 infections at various other site were treated with cefotaxime, and, in 48 cases, with cefotaxime alone. The pathogenic organisms were mainly enterobacteria: 19 E. coli, 10 Klebsiella, 8 Proteus, 2 Serratia, 1 Enterobacter, almost all of them having a MIC less than or equal to 1 mcg/ml. The route of administration used was the i.m. route in 33 cases and the i.v. route in 18 cases, both routes having been used in 4 patients. The mean dosage was 45 mg/kg/day. A cure was obtained in 49 cases were clinical and bacteriological results were interpretable (85,7% of cases). The cure rate was 80% in septicaemia, 88,2% in urinary infections and 91,6% in pulmonary infections. In 19 infections due to beta-lactamase producing strains of Gram-negative bacteria, the percentage of cure was 68,4%. The systemic and local tolerance was excellent. Cefotaxime is a very well tolerated and very effective antibiotic, even in prolonged treatment and even in monotherapy, at a mean dosage of 50 mg/kg/day.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Tuberculous infection of total hip prosthesis: report on two cases (author's transl)].

M. tuberculosis infection of a total hip prosthesis was observed in two patients. Clinical and bacteriological diagnostic features are described, as well as the two possible physiopathological mechanisms involved: activation of a chronic local lesion or blood dissemination. Combined medical and surgical treatment results in effective clinical and functional recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effects of phenylbutazone on extravascular diffusion, protein binding and urinary excretion of cefazolin in rabbits.

The effects of an anti-inflammatory drug, phenylbutazone, on the disposition of a commonly used cephalosporin, cefazolin, were studied in rabbits. The following investigations were made: mathematical analysis of blood levels obtained after i.v bolous injection of cefazolin, alone or combined with phenylbutazone (10 mg/kg), injection 4 hr before; protein binding by ultracentrifugation in vitro; and renal excretion and distribution in extravascular fluid obtained from s.c. tissue cages in vivo. Single i.m. injections of cefazolin (30 mg/kg) were administered either alone or in combination with phenylbutazone (10 or 100 mg/kg i.m.) or 2 or 4 hr before. The mathematical analysis disclosed a competition of phenylbutazone on protein binding of cefazolin. In vitro, phenylbutazone reduced the extent of protein binding of the antibiotic (74-80 to 47-59%). Cefazolin appeared at higher concentrations in extravascular fluid in the presence of phenylbutazone than when administered alone. Phenylbutazone appeared to be responsible for a dose-dependent effect on renal excretion of cefazolin i.e., a reduction of secretion at low doses (10 mg/kg) and a possible reduction of tubular reabsorption at high doses (100 mg/kg). A bidirectional transport of cefazolin in rabbit tubules was thus shown. The interaction of phenylbutazone on the on the disposition of cefazolin appeared also dependent on the time of injection of the former and on the mode of administration of the antibiotic.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effects of furosemide on extravascular diffusion, protein binding and urinary excretion of cephalosporins and aminoglycosides in rabbits.

We studied the effects of furosemide on the disposition of cefazolin and gentamicin in rabbits. The following points were investigated: protein binding (PB) by ultracentrifugation in vitro; renal excretion and distribution in extravascular fluid (EF) obtained from s.c. tissue cages in vivo. Single i.m. injections of cefazolin (30 mg/kg) and gentamicin (1.5 mg/kg) alone or in combination with furosemide (0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg) were made. After furosemide injection, blood and EF levels of gentamicin significantly decreased. Cefazolin blood levels were unchanged. Cefazolin appeared in EF earlier and at higher levels, up to 4 hr after furosemide injection, than when administered alone. Late cefazolin EF levels (8 and 12 hr) were reduced. All these effects were furosemide dose-dependent. Furosemide, in vitro, decreased cefazolin PG from 80 to 50%, whereas PB of gentamicin remained minimal (0--4%). Furosemide significantly increased the renal excretion of cefazolin and gentamicin without any effect on the glomerular filtration rate. A competitive effect of furosemide on the PB of cephradin and netilmicin was also demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Our studies outline two kinds of interaction between furosemide and antibiotics. With protein-bound drugs, furosemide induced a competitive reduction of PB responsible for earlier EF diffusion and increased glomerular filtered load, but also induced an increased renal excretion by a tubular process. The latter was the only one induced by furosemide on unbound drugs (gentamicin).

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1978

Comparative distribution of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and amikacin in interstitial fluid in rabbits.

We compared the penetration of five aminoglycosides into interstitial fluid (IF). IF was obtained in rabbits from Silastic tissue cages. Intramuscular injections were made: 1.5 mg/kg per dose for gentamicin (G), tobramycin (T), sisomicin (S), and netilmicin (N) and 7.5 mg/kg per dose for amikacin (A). Serum levels and IF concentrations were studied for 12 h after a single injection. IF levels were also compared in a six-injection study (one injection every 8 h). Peak serum levels were significantly higher with A than with G, T, S, and N, which gave similar concentrations. In IF, G gave the highest levels 1 h after the first injection. At 4 and 8 h, the concentrations achieved with G and A were similar but significantly greater than those achieved with T, S, and N. Twelve hours after a single injection, N gave higher IF levels than the other drugs except A. In the six-injection study, the IF levels of G and A reached 4.6 +/- 1.5 and 5.27 +/- 1.1 microgram/ml, respectively, at 48 h. S and N gave identical concentrations (2.07 +/- 0.25 and 2.42 +/- 0.42 microgram/ml, respectively). T induced the lowest levels (1.17 +/- 0.30 microgram/ml). Thus, in this rabbit model, the IF concentrations achieved with G and A were above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for most susceptible strains. Possible relations between IF aminoglycoside concentrations and therapeutic efficiency or toxicity are pointed out but deserve further studies.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1978

Tissue cage experiments with beta-lactam antibiotics in rabbits.

An animal model in which antibiotic concentrations can be meausred in intersittial fluid (IF) withdrawn from subcutaneous tissue cages has been used. Although the physiological significance of IF is not well established, this model allowed the comparison of 1) two pharmacological forms of the same drug (bacampicillin and ampicillin were compared after a single oral dose; and 2) drugs of the same group in a single i.m. injection study and in a cumulative effect study. These data provide new criteria for clinical choice of antibiotics. A rapid penetration into IF can be explained by a low degree of serum protein binding, but a highly bound drug is not restricted to the intravascular space. In this animal model we have also shown that an 0.25 h i.v. infusion of cephalothin induced higher IF levels than an i.v. bolus injection and an 1 h i.v. infusion. Using a single i.v. bolus injection of various cephalosporins, we have shown that a two open compartment model cannot explain both serum and IF data. Sustained late IF levels suggested the hypothesis of a deep compartment.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1977

[The cyclines].

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Drug Resistance, Microbial↗