Ovarian and other tumor induction by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in the syrian golden hamster.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
B Toth
Publications and source records attributed to B Toth.
The place of Eusol in wound management.
This article by Stephen Farrow and Ben Toth presents a summary of a report on the place of Eusol in wound management commissioned by the Regional Nursing Advisory Committee of the Southwestern Regional Health Authority. An extensive literature search was undertaken to try and establish the applicability of the product. Although there are gaps in the available research, the report concluded that Eusol should not be applied to wounds.
Anti-Infective Agents↗
Cancer induction studies using different administrations of benzenediazonium sulfate in mice.
Benzenediazonium sulfate (BD) was administered as 10 weekly subcutaneous injections at 25 micrograms/g b.w. and as 52 weekly oral gavages at 100 micrograms/g b.w. to Swiss mice, starting at 6 weeks of age. The subcutaneous administration induced tumors in the subcutis with an incidence of 8% in females. The oral treatment gave rise to lung tumors with incidences of 52% in females and 62% in males. In the untreated control female mice, no subcutaneous tissue tumor was observed, but the incidences of lung tumors were 28% in females and 38% in males. Histopathologically, the neoplasms were classified as fibrosarcomas of the subcutis and adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs. In an earlier experiment, BD induced high incidences of subcutaneous tissue tumors in the same species when it was administered as 26 weekly subcutaneous injections at 10 micrograms/g. This indicates the length of treatment is paramount to the dose of carcinogen. The oral route, even though it was carcinogenic in the lungs, failed to elicit the development of cancer in the glandular stomach.
Adenocarcinoma↗
A review of the natural occurrence, synthetic production and use of carcinogenic hydrazines and related chemicals.
This writing details the natural occurrence, synthetic production and use of the carcinogenic hydrazines and related chemicals. Twenty-three such chemicals were found in nature in mushrooms, tobacco, bay leaves, antibiotics, soil and other sources. The synthetically-produced hydrazines and related chemicals include 61 compounds which were or are in use as pharmaceutical drugs, agricultural substances, industrial chemicals and fuels for military and space vehicles and rockets. Because there is an overlap between the naturally-occurring and synthetically-produced compounds, their total number is 76. Altogether, 98 hydrazines and related chemicals were studied for carcinogenic action thus far, of which 84 were found to be carcinogenic and the remaining 14 were inactive. This means that the human population is exposed in various degrees to a substantial number of these agents. Therefore, the hydrazine class, unlike the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso compounds, and aromatic amines, poses a greater environmental risk to the human population. In view of these considerations, it appears reasonable to proceed with additional experimentation in this field of interest.
Agrochemicals↗
Species susceptibilities to chemical carcinogenes: a critical appraisal of the roles of genetic and viral agents.
The carcinogenesis literature concerning the susceptibilities of the various animal species and humans to chemical carcinogens is reviewed. The fundamental issue is whether the different laboratory animal species used in the past and at the present are the appropriate systems to detect the carcinogenic properties of chemicals. It was concluded that the main problem is the presence of high to moderate incidences of spontaneously-appearing cancers in laboratory animals. These tumor incidences are, to a significant extent, either caused by genetic factors and/or viruses which render the systems excessively-susceptible to the carcinogenic action of a large proportion of chemicals. The same types of genetic factors and/or viruses do not exist in the human species. Consequently, the data obtained in the various animal species are exaggerated to an unrealistic proportion due to the inherent flawed designs, therefore, it has little bearing in the human species. It is further concluded that a new animal breeding program should be initiated with the specific aim of developing several tumor-free or near tumor-free species and strains of laboratory animals. Until then, a healthy state of mind is required to separate the reality from the fiction.
Animals↗
Bacterial mutagenicity of extracts of the baked and raw Agaricus bisporus mushroom.
Aqueous extracts of baked and raw Agaricus bisporus (AB) mushroom were tested for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA1537. The extracts were studied with and without metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 mix. The extracts of the baked and raw AB exhibited a dose related mutagenic activity with and without activation in strain TA1535. Similar findings were obtained in strain TA1537, although the net revertant values were of lower magnitude. Because humans mainly consume the cultivated mushroom AB in baked form, the implications of the findings are self-evident.
Animals↗
Carcinogenicity of lifelong administration of capsaicin of hot pepper in mice.
Capsaicin was administered in a semisynthetic powdered diet at 0.03125% level for the lifespan of Swiss mice starting from 6 weeks of age. As a result of C treatment, tumors of the cecum were induced in 22% of females and 14% of males, whereas the corresponding tumor incidences in untreated female and male controls were both 8%. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as benign polypoid adenomas. Capsaicin is the main pungent principle of hot pepper, which is consumed in high quantities by humans worldwide. The capsaicin content of some chili varieties ranges up to 0.53%.
Administration, Oral↗
Carcinogenic fungal hydrazines.
The carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic activity of 11 hydrazine analogues and diazonium ions are described. These chemicals are ingredients of 22 mushroom species. Of these, one is cultivated, while the remaining 21 are wild fungi. To date, many of these mushrooms are considered to be edible. The appropriate chemistry and biochemistry investigations of the mushroom chemicals are summarized briefly. Human consumption estimates also are provided in as much as possible.
Animals↗
Carcinogenesis study in mice by 3-methylbutanal methylformylhydrazone of Gyromitra esculenta.
3-Methylbutanal methylformylhydrazone (3-MBMFH) was given to Swiss mice by intragastric instillations at weekly intervals 53 or 2 times at 50 micrograms/g body weight. The treatments induced tumors of the lungs, liver, gallbladder, preputial glands and thyroid. The tumor incidences in the group treated 53 times were 84, 32, 10, 0 and 0% in females, and 76, 38, 6, 48 and 0% in the males, respectively. In the group treated twice the incidences were 38, 0, 4, 0 and 10% in females, and 30, 0, 2, 0 and 6% in males, respectively. The corresponding tumor incidences in the untreated controls were 26, 0, 0, 0 and 0% in females, and 26, 0, 0, 0 and 0% in males, respectively. The light microscopic examination of these neoplasms showed adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs, hepatomas and liver cell carcinomas, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of gallbladder, squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of preputial glands; and, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of thyroid. Gyromitra esculenta mushroom contains 3-MBMFH along with the other hydrazine derivatives. Because at least five ingredients of this fungus exhibit carcinogenic properties, the health hazard implications should be considered.
Aldehydes↗
Cancer induction in mice by 4-hydroxybenzenediazonium sulfate of the Agaricus xanthodermus mushroom.
4-Hydroxybenzenediazonium sulfate (HBD) was administered to Swiss mice by subcutaneous injection at weekly intervals of two or 36 times at 10 or 2 micrograms per gram body weight, respectively. The HBD given 36 times induced tumors of the subcutis in 22% of females and in 22% of males. The corresponding tumor incidences in the untreated controls were 2% in females and 8% in males. Histopathologically, the neoplasms were classified as fibromas, fibrosarcomas, myxosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. The HBD given two times was, however, without tumor-inducing effect. HBD is an ingredient of the Agaricus xanthodermus, a non-cultivable unedible mushroom, which is closely related to the mushroom of commerce Agaricus bisporus. HBD is now the third compound of the diazonium class to exhibit carcinogenic activity.
Agaricus↗
Tumor induction by 4-(methyl)benzenediazonium sulfate in mice.
4-(Methyl)benzenediazonium sulfate (MBD) was administered to Swiss mice by subcutaneous injection at weekly intervals 19 or 16 times at 50 micrograms/g body weight. The treatment gave rise to tumors of the subcutaneous tissue and skin. The tumor incidences in the groups with 19 injections were 12 and 6% in females and 12 and 4% in males, respectively, while in the group with 16 injections were 24 and 14% in females and 50 and 4% in males, respectively. The corresponding tumor incidences in the untreated controls were 2 and 2% in females and 8 and 2% in males, respectively. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as fibromas, fibrosarcomas, myxosarcomas, fibromyxosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas and angiosarcomas in subcutis and squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of skin. MBD is closely related to 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenediazonium ion (HMBD), an ingredient of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The conversion of HMBD to MBD appears to be a distinct possibility.
Animals↗
Cancer induction by the sulfate form of 4-(hydroxymethyl) benzenediazonium ion of Agaricus bisporus.
The sulfate form of 4-(hydroxymethyl) benzenediazonium ion (HMBD) of Agaricus bisporus was given by 26 weekly subcutaneous injections at 50 micrograms/g body weight to Swiss mice. As a result of treatment, tumors of subcutis and skin developed in 32% and 14% of the females and 40% and 4% of the males, respectively. The corresponding tumor incidences in the sodium sulfate-injected solvent control groups were 0% and 2% in females and 4% and 0% in males, respectively. Histopathologically, the tumors were fibrosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas and angiosarcomas of the subcutis, squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of skin. The present finding discounts an earlier allegation that the tetrafluoroborate portion of the diazonium ion acted as a cocarcinogen. HMBD was found at a 0.6 ppm level in the mushroom of commerce Agaricus bisporus.
Agaricus↗
Toxicities of hydrazines: a review.
The toxic properties of sixty carcinogenic hydrazines are reviewed and presented. Many of these chemicals are synthesized by man and used in industry, agriculture and medicine, while others occur in nature as ingredients of fungi and plants. The human population is, therefore, exposed to them to a considerable degree. These compounds, in addition to being carcinogens, have toxic effects in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, nervous, lymphoreticular, hematopoietic, cardiovascular, genitourinary, integumentary, musculoskeletal systems, etc., of 15 animal species and man. Because they caused toxic damage in practically every organ and tissue, earlier claims concerning their tissue specificity are discounted. Their hazardous properties deserve careful attention.
Animals↗
Carcinogenesis by N2-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-carboxyphenylhydrazine of Agaricus bisporus in mice.
N2-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-carboxyphenylhydrazine (GCPH), an ingredient of the cultivated mushroom of commerce Agaricus bisporus (AB), was administered as 52 weekly intragastric instillations of 1.4 mg/g body weight to randomly bred Swiss mice. In comparison with the untreated controls, the subcutaneous tumor incidences rose from 0 to 26% in the males, while in the females the corresponding tumor incidences were 6 and 2%, respectively. Histopathologically the tumors were fibrosarcomas, fibromas and myxomas. The study is part of a long - range objective to reveal the biological effect of N-N-bond-containing hydrazines and related chemicals of AB.
Animals↗
Methodologies, findings, and implications of chemical carcinogenesis studies: their significance for hazard assessment (review).
The experimental techniques, methods of evaluation, and environmental implications of the findings of chemical carcinogenesis studies and related subject areas are herein critically reviewed. It is concluded that firstly, certain presently used procedures provide the best possibilities for the study of the hazardous nature of chemicals. Secondly, other matters, including the dosage of chemicals, animal species, meaning of the term "tumor induction", values of short-term tests, evaluation of tumor incidences, relation of the responses of humans and animals to carcinogenic stimuli, require new attitudes, innovative approaches, and meaningful changes. Thirdly, some of the issues are and will remain controversial until our basic knowledge substantially improves. Finally, it appears advisable to abandon some of the dogmatic attitudes for a more flexible approach.
Animals↗
Preparation of fowl pox vaccine on chicken-embryo-dermis cell culture.
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Animals↗
A toxicity method with calcium cyclamate for chronic carcinogenesis experiments.
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Animals↗
Tumorigenicity and mutagenicity studies with capsaicin of hot peppers.
Capsaicin, the pungent principle of hot pepper, was administered at concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625% in powdered diet for 35 days to five groups of Swiss albino mice. In the capsaicin-treated groups 4 mice (10%) developed 4 adenocarcinomas of the duodenum (one tumor at each dose level, except for the highest dose), while no such tumor occurred in the untreated control mice. Capsaicin exhibited a low level of mutagenicity in the Ames assay with S. typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of liver activating enzymes from Aroclor-induced rats.
Animals↗