A large representative sample of psychotic women of reproductive age was selected from patients admitted to a London mental hospital during 1955-63 and followed up during the years of developing community care. Before first admission the probability of marriage of schizophrenics was three-quarters of that of corresponding normal women, and after admission it was just over one-third of normal. Fertility of schizophrenics was slightly reduced both before and after illness, and much of this reduction remains due to their being in hospital. The probability of marriage and fertility of women suffering from severe affective disorders was very similar to that found in the corresponding general population. Despite a lessening of differentials between patients and normal women since the impact of community care the probability of marriage of schizophrenics with abnormal personalities is still significantly reduced.

Adult↗

PubMed1968

[Action of bromolysergic acid diethylamide (BOL 148) on the mechanical properties of a lamellibranch smooth muscle].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of gender, birth weight and gestational age on serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentration and distribution among neonates in Saudi Arabia.

Blood samples from 813 newborns were spotted on to filter paper and the 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentration was measured using the Delfia (R) fluorometric immunoassay. The median, mean, and standard deviation (SD) for the total population were 20, 21 and (11) nmol/L respectively. Males had significantly higher levels than females with median, mean and (SD) of 22, 22 and (12) nmol/L. Similarly, low birth weight babies were found to have significantly higher levels than normal birth weight babies with median, mean and (SD) of 21, 24 (12) nmol/L. Preterm babies were also found to have significantly higher levels than full term babies, with median, mean and (SD) of 25, 29 (16) nmol/L. As experienced elsewhere, those factors should be taken into consideration when considering a cut-off point in any neonatal screening program for congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with burns.

Among 39 patients with burns evaluated a mean of 12 months after hospital discharge, 38% met DSM-III-R criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for at least 1 month. With proposed DSM-IV criteria, 43% met criteria for past or current PTSD. Analysis of specific symptom clusters of PTSD revealed that 74% of patients had been affected by a reexperience symptom for at least 1 month, but only 30% were currently experiencing flashbacks. No correlation was found between several clinical correlates (TBSA, length of hospitalization, and age) and development of PTSD. There was no correlation between presence of a DSM-III-R psychiatric diagnosis at the time of hospitalization and later development of PTSD and no correlation between whether or not a psychiatric diagnosis emerged during hospitalization and later development of PTSD. Finally, patients who had injuries that they could not prevent were no more likely to experience PTSD.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol disorders among patients with burns: crisis and opportunity.

A burn injury so severe that inpatient treatment is necessary is a crisis in any patient's life. For patients who also suffer from an alcohol use disorder, hospitalization may offer a unique opportunity to facilitate entry into appropriate treatment. In this study, 442 hospitalized patients with burns were evaluated, and 50 (11%) were diagnosed with an alcohol use disorder by DSM-III-R criteria. All but one of the injuries were deemed preventable. The average length of stay in hospital was 9 days longer for the alcohol group compared with the average stay in the burn center, resulting in additional costs of $337,500. Referral for treatment of the underlying alcohol disorder was recommended for fewer than half the patients. Thus, although the patients with alcohol use disorders had lengthy hospitalizations and were in circumstances that might permit the characteristic denial of alcoholism to be relinquished, the treatment team usually did not capitalize on this opportunity.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The efficacy of developmentally sensitive interventions and sucrose for relieving procedural pain in very low birth weight neonates.

BACKGROUND: Procedural pain management for very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates has been minimal or nonexistent in most neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of developmentally sensitive behavioral interventions (nonnutritive sucking via a pacifier, positioning) and sucrose for relieving procedural pain in VLBW infants and to determine the influence of contextual factors (gestational age, postnatal age, birth weight, severity of illness, frequency of painful procedures) on pain response. METHOD: In a prospective randomized crossover trial, pain was assessed in 122 VLBW neonates using the Premature Infant Pain Profile following four randomly ordered interventions during consecutive routine heel lance procedures. RESULTS: Significant differences in pain existed among treatment interventions (F = 16.20, p < .0001). The pacifier with sucrose (F = 24.09, p < .0001) and pacifier with sterile water (F = 9.00, p = .003) significantly reduced pain. Prone positioning did not decrease pain (F = 2.24, p = .137). Frequency of painful procedures approached significance in influencing pain response (F = 3.59, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: The most efficacious interventions for reducing pain from single painful events were the pacifier with sucrose and the pacifier with sterile water. Research on the efficacy and safety of implementing these interventions, alone and in combination, for repeated painful procedures is needed. In addition, research is needed on the influence of implementing these interventions on pain response and clinical outcomes (e.g., health status and neurodevelopmental status) in VLBW neonates in the NICU.

Blood Specimen Collection↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of nurses' empathic responses on patients' pain management in acute care.

BACKGROUND: Although nurses have the major responsibility for pain management, little is known about nurses' responses to patients in the process of managing acute pain. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between nurses' empathic responses and their patients' pain intensity and analgesic administration after surgery. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-five patients from four cardiovascular units in three university-affiliated hospitals were interviewed on the third day after their initial, uncomplicated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery about their pain and current pain management. Concurrently, their nurses' (n = 94) empathy and pain knowledge and beliefs were assessed. Patient data were aggregated and linked with the assigned nurse to form 80 nurse-patient pairs. RESULTS: Nurses were moderately empathic, and their responses did not significantly influence their patients' pain intensity or analgesia administered. Patients reported moderate to severe pain but received only 47% of their prescribed analgesia. Patients' perceptions of their nurse's attention to their pain were not positive, and empathy explained only 3% of variance in patients' pain intensity. Deficits in knowledge and misbeliefs about pain management were evident for nurses independent of empathy, and knowledge explained 7% of variance in analgesia administered. Hospital sites varied significantly in analgesic practices and pain inservice education for nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Empathy was not associated with patients' pain intensity or analgesic administration.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Serologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in children receiving multiple blood transfusions.

Three doses of the commercially available hepatitis B vaccine were administered to each of 43 anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibody-negative children (including 32 hemophiliacs) who were regularly receiving blood product transfusions. Forty-two (98%) of them had demonstrable anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibody in their serum, indicating that this group of patients responds favorably to the vaccine.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mortality among drug addicts in Greater London.

During January 1970 to December 1974, 134 deaths in people aged 10-50 years investigated by coroners in Greater London were recorded as being due to drug addiction. Over three-quarters of the addicts were under 30, and 105 (78%) were male; 55 (41%) were unknown to the Home Office. Barbiturate overdose accounted for over half of the deaths, though two-thirds of these were in people registered as addicts to notifiable drugs. Since the Home Office index is concerned with addiction to one class of drugs only, it fails to reflect accurately the prevalence of all serious forms of addiction. Owing to the continuous change in drug-taking behaviour, however, probably no one method of assessment can provide a complete picture, and thus complementary research methods are essential.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Social support: conceptual and methodological issues for research in mental health nursing.

The concept of social support has been the focus of growing multidisciplinary interest over the past two decades. Nurses are interested in the role that social support plays in promoting mental health. As empirical research on social support has been addressed with more scientific rigor, many conceptual and measurement issues have emerged. The purpose of this paper is to review the predominant conceptual and measurement issues in the study of social support in mental health nursing. Lack of consensus on conceptual clarity and weakness of measurement of the concept of social support are discussed in relation to the two bodies of literature. Directions for the development of nursing knowledge and methodologic approaches for future nursing research on social support and mental health are proposed.

Health Promotion↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Exogenous mineral particles in the human bronchial mucosa and lung parenchyma. I. Nonsmokers in the general population.

We extracted mineral particles from 7 different regions of the bronchial tree and 4 regions of lung supplied by these airways from 11 morphologically normal adult autopsy right lungs. All patients were nonsmokers. Particles were identified, counted, and sized by analytical electron microscopy. Both particle concentration and particle size showed a significant negative correlation with airway diameter; detailed analysis showed that the correlation for concentration was only true of large particles. Distance from the carina (pathlength) showed a weaker correlation with particle concentration. The lowest particle concentration was found in the mainstem bronchi, and there was a consistent (case to case) increase in particle concentration with airway generation. Parenchyma supplied by the apical segmental bronchus had a higher particle concentration than that in other sample sites. Segmental bronchial particle size was consistently larger than particle size in the supplied lung tissue, and particles from both upper-lobe tissue sample sites were slightly larger than those from the two lower-lobe sample sites. Bronchial mucosa from all sites showed a predominance of silica, whereas tissue sites appeared to preferentially concentrate silicates, especially kaolin and mica. These observations suggest that in morphologically normal lungs from lifetime nonsmokers (1) in the noncarinal portions of the larger airways, airway diameter and, to a much lesser extent, pathlength are the major influences on long-term bronchial particle concentration and size; (2) tissue particle concentration does not appear to relate to pathlength; (3) the airways accumulate very specific sizes and types of particles compared to the parenchyma, an effect that may influence the location of specific pathologic lesions; and (4) the pattern of long-term particle concentration appears to be fairly similar to acute bronchial deposition patterns seen in experimental human systems, an observation that may imply that long-term burden is the result of translocation of a fraction of the locally deposited particles to the interstitial tissues.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Calcium-containing particles as a marker of cigarette smoke exposure in autopsy lungs.

It has been recently reported that the major inorganic particle components of cigarette smoke are calcium and potassium carbonates, potassium sulfate and chloride, and quartz. To determine whether any of these particles might serve as a marker of cigarette smoke exposure in human lungs, we used analytical electron microscopy to compare the mineral particle content in two parenchymal sites and two large bronchi from five nonsmoker autopsy lungs and five age- and sex-matched smoker autopsy lungs. Potassium carbonate, sulfate, and chloride were not identified in any lung. The percentage of quartz was the same in both smoker and nonsmoker lungs. However, lungs from smokers contained a large percentage (average 23% of all particles) of particles composed of calcium, carbon, and oxygen (probably calcium carbonate) in all sample sites, whereas lungs from nonsmokers usually contained no such particles or only minute numbers (average 0.1%). We conclude that calcium-containing particles of this type may serve as a marker of cigarette smoke exposure in humans and may prove useful for examining the distribution of smoke particles in the normal and diseased lung.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mineral particles in the human bronchial mucosa and lung parenchyma. II. Cigarette smokers without emphysema.

The effects of cigarette smoke on the microanatomic deposition and retention pattern of exogenous mineral particles is unknown. To determine how cigarette smoke affects long-term particle retention in those with minimal smoke-related disease, we selected autopsy lungs from ten smokers without evidence of emphysema at autopsy, and used analytical electron microscopy to examine exogenous mineral particle concentration in the mucosa of seven different bronchi of varying sizes and four parenchymal sites fed by those bronchi. These data were compared with values from twelve lifetime nonsmokers. Overall, total mean particle burden in the parenchyma in the smokers and nonsmokers was similar, but there was a markedly decreased particle load retained in the smokers' airways. The consistent increase in particle burden seen in nonsmokers as airways became narrower and more distant from the carina was lost in many, but not all, of the smokers, especially for particles larger than 1 micron, and this effect did not appear to depend on amount of smoking. Rare polonium particles were found but were too sparse to use as a smoke distribution marker. However, calcium-containing particles, previously suggested by us to represent calcium carbonate actually derived from the smoke, were present in greatest concentration in the larger airways and distal parenchyma. These observations indicate the following in smokers without parenchymal smoke-induced structural damage: (1) Overall, cigarette smoking disrupts the normal retention (? deposition) pattern of particles in the airways. (2) Cigarette smoking leads to markedly decreased long-term retention of exogenous mineral particles in the airways without significantly affecting overall tissue particle retention. (3) The distribution of calcium particles in the airways and parenchyma in smokers is similar to that predicted in a recently published model of smoke particle deposition, and further supports the idea that calcium-containing particles can be used as a direct tracer of smoke particle deposition. In the present study this distribution indicates that the large airways and parenchyma receive the greatest smoke deposition. (4) Within the group of smokers, some people appear resistant to the disruptive effects of smoke on particle retention patterns, whereas other people smoking comparable amounts show markedly abnormal retention patterns. The latter may have unusual sensitivity to cigarette smoke and perhaps susceptibility to smoke-induced diseases.

Aged↗