Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

B Saletu

Publications and source records attributed to B Saletu.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Obstructive sleep apnea: a polysomnographic study of sleep apnea before and after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.

We report about polysomnographic studies including EEG, EOG, EMG, ECG, measurement of oropharyngeal airflow, recording of chest wall movements and transcutaneous measurements of pO2 and pCO2 in a 4-year-old girl with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Her sleep profile was characterized by a disturbed cyclic pattern of sleep stages with onset of sleep at stage 4, shortening of REM-sleep periods and of sleep stages 1 and 2, and an increased quantity of sleep stage 4. The total time spent in apneic episodes was 11.3% of the total sleep period (only obstructive events). Apneic attacks were recorded mainly in REM and light NREM sleep states. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy resulted in marked improvement without further evidence of abnormal sleeping pattern or of sleep apneas.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1988

[Computer-assisted static and dynamic pupillometry for the characterization of tricyclic antidepressive agent, cianopramine].

Utilizing static and light-evoked dynamic pupillometry, in a placebo-controlled study 14 normal volunteers (9 males and 5 females) in the age range between 22 to 40 years were studied before and after administration of one single dose of 2 mg cianopramine (Ro 11-2465), further after 3 weeks therapy with 1, 2 and 3 mg cianopramine, respectively, and after a superimposed single dose of 3 mg cianopramine on the top of chronic administration. After acute administration of 2 mg cianopramine, marked pupillary changes started already in the 2nd h, peaked in the 4th h and lasted up to the 10th h. While the widening of the pupil indicates the adrenergic and possible noradrenergic effect of cianopramine on the pupil, the attenuation of spontaneous fluctuations suggests concomitant fatigue. The attenuation of the light-evoked narrowing of the pupillary diameter as well as the reduction of pupillary dynamics (increase of latency time and decrease of relative changes) reflect the direct and/or indirect efficacy of cianopramine on the light reaction of the pupil. After chronic administration the changes (as compared with baseline) are still visible although less pronounced than after acute therapy which suggests adaptation phenomena. A superimposed single dose of 3 mg cianopramine in addition to the 3-week chronic treatment did not result in further changes as compared with the chronic effect--with one exception of an additional decrease of spontaneous fluctuations.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Therapy of multi-infarct dementia with nicergoline: double-blind, clinical, psychometric and EEG imaging studies with 2 dosage schedules].

In a double-blind study, clinical, psychometric and neurophysiological changes were investigated in patients with MID treated by two different drug administration schedules of nicergoline (20 mg evenings versus 10 mg b.i.d.). 24 hospitalized patients (4 males, 20 females) with a mean age of 78 years were included according to the criteria of DSM-III, an Ischemic-Score of at least 7 points and a specific computed tomogram (CT). After a placebo-period of 2 weeks all patients were randomly assigned to an 8-weeks-treatment with either 20 mg nicergoline h.s. or 2 x 10 mg b.i.d. The evaluation of the detailed psychopathology by means of SCAG, CGI, NOSIE, Hamilton-Depressions-Scale and Mini-Mental-Status, as well as psychometric investigations by means of the Nuremberg-Aging-Inventory (NAI), thymophysic and psychophysiological measurements showed a significant improvement in both groups as compared with pre-treatment. This improvement was observed slightly earlier in patients with 20 mg h.s. than in those on the b.i.d. schedule. However inter-group-differences reached the level of statistical significance in only 2 variables. Neurophysiological investigations by means of topographic brain-mapping showed interesting relations between functional EEG-images and morphological CT-images. Vigilance-improving patients showed a better therapeutic response than those who did not show neurophysiological changes indicative of improvement in vigilance. Our findings suggest, that a single dose once daily was at least equal to the b.i.d. administration as far as therapeutic efficacy was concerned, even more so in the light of an expected improvement of compliance.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

[Factor analytic study and determination of rehabilitation of static and dynamic pupillometry in normal persons and psychopathologic groups].

Variables measured during static and dynamic pupillometry were factor-analyzed. Following factors were obtained regardless whether investigations were carried out in normals or in psychiatric patients: A static factor, a dynamic factor, a stimulus-specific factor and a restitution-dependent factor. Evaluation of reliability in normals demonstrated a high reliability for the static variables of pupillometry.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Comparative placebo-controlled pharmacodynamic studies with zotepine and clozapine utilizing pharmaco-EEG and psychometry.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the encephalotropic and psychotropic properties of zotepine - a new tricyclic dibenzothiepine with antidopaminergic, adrenolytic and antiserotoninergic properties - were investigated utilizing quantitative EEG, psychometric and psychophysiological tests as well as clinical observations. Fifteen normal volunteers received randomized (latin square design) and at weekly intervals single oral doses of placebo, 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg zotepine as well as 50 mg clozapine as reference compound. Plasma samplings for blood levels, EEG recordings, and evaluation of blood pressure, pulse rate and side-effects were carried out at the hours 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8, while psychometric data were recorded at the same time except the first hour. Computer-assisted spectral analysis of the EEG demonstrated after all three doses significant changes as compared with placebo characterized by an augmentation of delta and theta activity, decreased of alpha and beta activity, slowing of the centroid of the total activity and alpha activity, and decrease of the dominant frequency and its absolute and relative power. Such changes are typical for low-potency basic neuroleptics of the sedative type such as chlorpromazine. Clozapine also augmented slow activities, decreased alpha activity, the dominant frequency and the alpha centroid, but induced in contrast to zotepine a concomitant increase of fast beta activity, acceleration of the beta centroid and no slowing of the dominant frequency, while the total power was significantly attenuated. These findings confirm earlier reports about the pharmaco-EEG profile of clozapine, which has a resemblance to profiles of anticholinergic antidepressants of the amitriptyline type. Psychometric tests demonstrated after the higher doses of zotepine and clozapine a deterioration of noopsychic and thymospsychic functions which was more pronounced after the reference compound than after zotepine. The lowest dose of zotepine, 25 mg, even produced an improvement in numerical memory and complex reaction. CFF, skin conductance, pupillary diameter and pupillary response measurements decreased after both compounds. Dose-efficacy calculations showed 100 mg zotepine and clozapine to be the most CNS-effective compounds, followed by 50 mg and 25 mg zotepine, while placebo induced the least changes. Time-efficacy calculations showed neurophysiological and behavioral peak effects after zotepine at the 4th and 6th hour, as compared with the 2nd and 4th hour after clozapine. Pulse rate increased with both compounds; blood pressure decreased after clozapine but remained unchanged after zotepine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Pharmaco-EEG and psychometric studies with a novel selective benzodiazepine agonist/antagonist Ro 23-0364.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the encephalotropic and psychotropic properties of Ro 23-0364, a novel imidazobenzodiazepine with mixed benzodiazepine agonist/antagonist properties, were investigated as compared with the pure agonist diazepam utilizing quantitative EEG and psychometric analyses as well as clinical observations. Ten normal volunteers received randomized (latin square) and at weekly intervals single oral doses of placebo, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg Ro 23-0364 and 10 mg diazepam as reference drug. EEG-recordings and evaluation of pulse, blood pressure and side effects were carried out at the hours 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8; psychometric tests at the same times except the first hour. Computer-assisted spectral analyses of the EEG demonstrated after 10 mg diazepam a typical "anxiolytic" pharmaco-EEG profile characterized by an increase of beta-activity, decrease of alpha-activity and absolute and relative power of the dominant frequency, furthered by an acceleration of the centroid of the total activity and a slowing of the centroid of the combined delta/theta-activity. In addition, there was an increase of delta-activity specifically in the resting recording condition suggesting also sedative properties of the reference compound. Ro 23-0364 induced in the vigilance-controlled recordings a similar profile as diazepam-although less pronounced-thereby exhibiting tranquilizing qualities. However, in the resting condition the most consistent change was an augmentation of delta/theta-activity along with an attenuation of alpha-activity, which was evident already in the lower dosage range and is reminiscent also of changes seen after sedative neuroleptic drugs (although the centroid slowing was missing). These data indicate a selective sedation of the mixed agonist/antagonist in the resting state. Dose-efficacy calculations based on EEG-changes demonstrated the reference compound, 1.0 and 0.5 mg Ro 23-0364 different from placebo. 10 mg diazepam was by far the most CNS-active compound inducing significantly more changes than the three doses of the mixed agonist/antagonist. Within the latter the two higher doses were superior to 0.25 mg but could not be differentiated from each other. Time-efficacy calculations showed the maximal encephalotropic effect of diazepam within the first two hours while the peak effect of 1.0 mg and 0.5 mg Ro 23-0364 fell into the 6th and 4th hour, respectively. There were no differences between the time periods after 0.25 mg although there was a trend towards high activity in the first two hours followed by a trough in the 4th and 6th hour and thereafter again an increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Topographic brain mapping of EEG in neuropsychopharmacology--Part II. Clinical applications (pharmaco EEG imaging).

Multi-lead analysis of drug-induced changes in human brain function as monitored by the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and subsequent imaging of topographic pharmaco-EEG maps has become possible and practical with the advent of modern mini- and micro-computers. The present paper gives a survey about topographic analyses of pharmaco-EEG data obtained in systematic double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in normal healthy volunteers involving representative drugs of 5 different psychopharmacological classes, such as neuroleptics (chlorprothixene), antidepressants (imipramine), tranquilizers (diazepam), psychostimulants (caffeine), and antihypoxidotics/nootropics (pyritinol). The determination of cerebral bioavailability utilizing time- and dose-efficacy relations, as well as the evaluation of bioequipotency of different formulations of compounds is shown. Topographic pharmaco-EEG seems not only to confirm our previous knowledge that quantitative analysis of the human EEG in combination with certain statistical procedures ("quantitative pharmaco-EEG") is a valuable method to determine if, how, when and at which dosage a drug will be centrally effective, but also to have the potential to show effects of psychotropic drugs on the target organ--the human brain--which could not be previously picked up by single lead recordings. Topographic pharmaco-EEG imaging can be viewed as an enlargement of our armamentarium to better understand the mode of action of psychotropic drugs in human neuropsychopharmacology, as well as to monitor and (eventually) predict therapeutic efficacy in patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Short-term sleep laboratory studies with cinolazepam in situational insomnia induced by traffic noise.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled sleep-laboratory study the short-term effects of cinolazepam--a recently introduced 1,4 benzodiazepine with a half-life of 9 h--on the all-night sleep, morning awakening and early morning behaviour were investigated in 20 young normal subjects, whose sleep was experimentally disturbed by nocturnal traffic noise. The latter was prerecorded on tape and reproduced by loud speakers throughout the night with a sound pressure level of 68-90 dB(A) (energy equivalent mean noise level LAeq: 79dB(A)). According to the parallel group design subjects received either a placebo or 40 mg cinolazepam. Specifically, they spent nine nights in the sleep laboratory: two adaptation nights, one baseline night on placebo, three drug or placebo nights, and three post-drug/placebo nights under traffic noise. Somnopolygraphic investigations were carried out between 22h30 and 06h00. The drug was given orally half an hour before bedtime. Each 30 sec epoch was scored according to the criteria of Rechtschaffen and Kales. In the morning the subjects were awakened by 1000 Hz tones which were increased in loudness in 10 dB steps in two minute intervals. A sleep self-rating scale for sleep and awakening quality was completed half an hour after the morning toilet. Thereafter noopsychic and thymopsychic variables were evaluated utilizing a psychometric test battery. Statistical analyses of objective sleep variables demonstrated a significant improvement of sleep maintenance after 40 mg cinolazepam as reflected by an increase of sleep efficiency, decrease of wake time (during total sleep period) and number of awakenings as compared with the placebo. Sleep architecture was only affected slightly: sleep stage S1 decreased, S2 increased, while S3, S4 and SREM (S rapid eye movement) remained unchanged. Subjective sleep quality improved significantly as well. In the mornings there were no hangover signs, neither in subjective nor in objective psychometric and psychophysiological variables. Finally, the study suggests that man can adapt subjectively to nocturnal traffic noise over one week, although the improvement of objective sleep variables over time did not reach the level of statistical significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Dynamic light-evoked pupillometry for the differentiation of psychotropic substances].

In a double-blind placebo-controlled study 100 mg zotepine (neuroleptic) were administered to 15 young healthy volunteers; another 15 volunteers received 200 mg moclobemide (Ro 11-1163) (MAO-inhibitor). At the certain days of investigation the light-evoked pupillary reactions were recorded prior to and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after medication. Using the dynamic pupillometric method it was possible to differentiate between zotepine and moclobemide in view of autonomous activation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Topographic brain mapping of EEG in neuropsychopharmacology--Part I. Methodological aspects.

Topographic brain mapping of the electroencephalogram (EEG) is a promising new method in neuropsychiatry and neuropsychopharmacology. Rapid advances in computer technology allow on-line analysis by means of micro-computers. This paper describes an acquisition and signal analysis system for studying neurophysiological and neuropsychopharmacological aspects of human brain function. It consists of a server micro-computer functioning as an acquisition unit which is connected to a workstation micro-computer for statistical analysis and subsequent documentation of data on a printer and color plotter. According to the recommendations for standardization of data acquisition and signal analysis in pharmaco-electroencephalography, the paper mediates detailed information concerning recording and analysis equipment with special emphasis on the treatment of artifacts. Since up to now there is no normative consensus on the choice of reference conventions and interpolation algorithms, the system is designed for high flexibility to enable empirical comparisons between different methods.

Brain↗
PubMed1986

On central effects of serotonin re-uptake inhibitors: quantitative EEG and psychometric studies with sertraline and zimelidine.

In a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study the encephalotropic and psychotropic properties of sertraline--a new potent and highly selective inhibitor of synaptosomal serotonin uptake--were studied along with blood levels of the parent drug and main metabolite in ten normal healthy volunteers. They received randomized at weekly intervals oral single doses of placebo, 100, 200 and 400 mg setraline and 100 mg zimelidine as reference drug. Blood sampling, EEG recordings, psychometric tests and evaluation of pulse, blood pressure and side-effects were carried out at the hours 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Blood level investigations demonstrated that sertraline is slowly absorbed with dose-dependent blood concentrations peaking in the 4th to 6th hour and remaining high thereafter, while the main metabolite, CP-53261 exhibited an even slower rise in plasma concentration up to the 8th hour. Computer-assisted spectral analysis of the EEG demonstrated slight effects of 100 mg zimelidine and 100 mg sertraline on human brain function, but moderate to marked effects after 200 and 400 mg sertraline as compared with placebo. Changes after 100 mg sertraline and the reference compound resembled the pharmaco-EEG profiles of antidepressants of the desipramine type and were indicative of some vigilance-improving properties while higher doses of sertraline induced alterations reminiscent of those after antidepressants of the imipramine type, thereby reflecting vigilance changes of the dissociative type. This neurophysiological conclusion was supported by the psychometric and psychophysiological data showing partly after 100 mg sertraline and zimelidine an improvement in psychometric performance, while 200 and 400 mg sertraline induced a deterioration of noopsyche and thymopsyche of the normal volunteers. Psychophysiological variables exhibited a dose-dependent change in CNS activation and a widening of the pupillary size. Time-efficacy calculations based on pharmacodynamic changes demonstrated maximal encephalotropic effects after 100 mg zimelidine in the 2nd to 4th hour, and after setraline in the 4th to the 6th hour, which is in agreement with the blood level data. Pulse, systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed no clinically relevant findings. Side-effects were non-existent to minimal after 100 mg zimelidine and sertraline, but marked after 200 and 400 mg sertraline characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, giddiness, restlessness, tremor and trismus.

1-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1986

Acute and subacute CNS effects of milacemide in elderly people: double-blind, placebo-controlled quantitative EEG and psychometric investigations.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the encephalotropic and psychotropic properties of acutely and chronically administered milacemide--a new derivative of glycine showing anti-convulsant action by increasing GABA concentrations and endogenous glycine pools in the brain--were investigated in 12 elderly subjects in their late sixties. Each subject had a treatment period of 2 weeks (with 400 mg b.i.d. and 1,200 mg b.i.d. orally administered in week 1 and 2, respectively) and another period of 2 weeks with placebo. A treatment-free interval of 1 week was introduced in between. EEG-recordings, psychometric and psychophysiological tests as well as evaluation of pulse, blood pressure and side effects were carried out at the hours 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 after the administration of one single dose of 400 mg or placebo (acute effect), after 1 week's and 2 weeks' chronic administration (chronic effect), as well as after one additional superimposed dosage of 400 mg and 1,200 mg on days 8 and 15 of chronic treatment, respectively (super-imposed effect). Computer-assisted spectral analysis of the EEG demonstrated after single doses of 400 mg milacemide significant changes in the resting EEG indicative of improvement in vigilance (beta augmentation, acceleration of the beta centroid), while in the vigilance-controlled recording condition a dissociative vigilance shift occurred seen also after antidepressants of the amitriptyline and imipramine type (increase of both delta/theta and beta activity, decrease of alpha activity). One week chronic treatment resulted in the same V- and R-EEG profiles. However, after the 2nd weeks' treatment with higher doses as well as after one additional superimposed dosage of 1,200 mg milacemide both V- and R-EEG recordings demonstrated dissociative vigilance shifts. Time/treatment-efficacy calculations showed the chronic effect to be more pronounced than the acute effect, which peaked in the 2nd hour after oral drug administration. Psychometric analyses exhibited in noopsychic variables a significant improvement in intellectual and mnestic performance but even more so in the thymopsyche an improvement in subjective well-being and affectivity. Psychophysiological tests showed a decrease in CFF, while static and dynamic pupillometry and skin conductance measures remained unchanged. Pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not altered. The findings are discussed in the light of the involvement of GABA in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1986

Psychophysiological and psychometric studies after manipulating the GABA system by vigabatrin, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor.

This study is concerned with the alterations in central and peripheral psychophysiological measures and psychometric variables after experimental manipulation of the most important inhibitory transmitter system of the CNS, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. Vigabatrin (GVG), a new enzyme-activated, irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, which increases cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of GABA and other substrates of GABA transaminase, was given in single oral doses of 1 g, 2 g and 3 g to 10 normal healthy volunteers. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 3 mg lorazepam was given as reference compound. Blood sampling for vigabatrin kinetics, EEG recordings and evaluation of pulse, blood pressure and side effects were carried out at the hours 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24, and psychometric tests at the same times (except the first hour). Pharmacokinetic analyses demonstrated good absorption of GVG with peak plasma concentrations found within the first two hours, dose-dependent areas under the plasma concentration-time curves and about 65% recovery in the 24-h urine. Computer-assisted spectral analysis of the EEG suggested that GVG produces only small changes in the normal CNS, characterized by an augmentation of total power, absolute and relative power of the beta activity and acceleration of the centroid of the total activity. There was also a trend towards an increase of alpha activity and of the absolute and relative power of the dominant frequency, decrease in the alpha centroid and increase of the centroid of the combined delta and theta activity. Lorazepam 3 mg, in contrast, produced highly significant changes characterized by a decrease of total power, alpha activity, absolute and relative power of the dominant frequency and centroid of the combined delta and theta activity, while beta activity as well as the centroid of the alpha, beta and total activity increased. In the resting condition an additional augmentation of slow activity suggested hypnotic properties of 3 mg lorazepam. The latter changes are typical for anxiolytic sedatives and were also reflected at the behavioral level where psychometric data demonstrated a deterioration in the noo- and thymopsychic parameters and sedative effects in psychophysiological variables. GVG, on the other hand, produced only subtle changes characterized by an improvement of noo- and thymopsychic variables and vegetative activation.

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase↗
PubMed1986

Pharmacokinetic and dynamic studies with a new anxiolytic imidazo-pyridine alpidem utilizing pharmaco-EEG and psychometry.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of a new imidazo-pyridine derivative, alpidem (SL80.0342) and the 1,4 benzodiazepine lorazepam were investigated utilizing quantitative EEG and psychometric testing. Ten normal volunteers received randomized (latin square) single oral doses of placebo, 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg alpidem and 2.5 mg lorazepam at weekly intervals. Blood level sampling, EEG recordings, evaluation of pulse, blood pressure and side-effects were carried out at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours post drug; psychometric and psychophysiological investigations at the same time periods except for the first hour. Computer-assisted spectral-analysis of the EEG demonstrated an anxiolytic profile after both compounds, characterized by an increase of beta activity, decrease of alpha activity and acceleration of the centroid of the total activity and total beta activity. Total power was attenuated, delta activity augmented and the centroid of the combined delta and theta activities decreased. The latter changes were most pronounced after 2.5 mg lorazepam suggesting it is more sedative than alpidem. Dose/treatment efficacy calculations revealed 2.5 mg lorazepam as the most CNS-active compound, followed by 100 mg, 50 mg and 25 mg alpidem. Based on a multivariate analysis 2.5 mg lorazepam could be differentiated from placebo at all times, 100 mg alpidem in the first, second and fourth hours, 50 mg only in the second hour. Time-efficacy calculations showed a marked CNS effect after alpidem in the first hour with a peak in the second hour, a gentle decline to the fourth hour and thereafter a rapid decline up to the eighth hour. In contrast, 2.5 mg lorazepam showed a slower rise in CNS activity which peaked in the fourth hour and declined slowly thereafter. These pharmacodynamic effects paralleled the blood level course of both compounds, as well as the time-course of psychometric changes. The latter were characterized by a deterioration in psychometer function after 2.5 mg lorazepam, which was less pronounced after 100 mg alpidem, while 50 mg and 25 mg showed no significant difference from placebo. Subjective ratings of mood showed a decrement which was most pronounced after 100 mg alpidem, less so after 50 mg, with no difference from placebo after 25 mg or lorazepam. Finally, there were no significant inter-drug differences with regard to psychophysiological variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Pharmaco-EEG, behavioural methods and blood levels in the comparison of temazepam and flunitrazepam.

In a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study, the blood levels and pharmacodynamic properties of temazepam were compared with flunitrazepam using quantitative pharmaco-EEG and psychometric methods in ten healthy volunteers. Computer-assisted spectral analysis of the EEG after three doses of temazepam (10 mg, 20 mg and 40 mg) compared with placebo showed statistically significant changes in brain function. These changes were also seen after the administration of the reference drug (flunitrazepam 2 mg) and are typical of anxiolytic sedatives. Psychometric and psychophysiological tests demonstrated significant alterations at the behavioural level, especially after higher doses of temazepam and 2 mg flunitrazepam, as expected. However, low doses or low blood levels of temazepam induced an improvement of performance in certain variables. Dose-efficacy calculations identified 2 mg flunitrazepam and 40 mg temazepam as the most CNS-effective, followed by 20 mg and 10 mg temazepam, while the least changes occurred after placebo. Time-efficacy calculations showed marked inter-drug differences. The pharmacodynamics of both drugs parallel their respective pharmacokinetics. Regression and correlation analyses between blood levels and EEG or psychometric changes revealed that beta activity and the centroid of the EEG were positively correlated with plasma levels, while alpha activity, psychometric variables and skin conductance were negatively correlated. Psychometric variables started to deteriorate above a blood level of approximately 250 ng/ml, while below this level an improvement was seen. Such (sedative) blood levels were only reached after doses higher than 10 mg temazepam. Our findings indicate that 10 mg temazepam has tranquilizing properties, while 20 mg and 40 mg doses exert, in addition, sedative sleep-inducing effects.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Effect of biologically active light and partial sleep deprivation on sleep, awakening and circadian rhythms in normals.

The effects of biologically active light (BL) on subjective and objective quality of sleep and awakening, as well as circadian rhythms in cortisol, temperature and well-being were studied in 10 hospitalized normal female volunteers as compared with partial sleep deprivation (PSD). After 2 adaption days, three 24-hour periods were recorded before (baseline), during (intervention) and after (recovery) treatment with BL (exposure between 5.00-9.00 p.m. and 6.00-9.00 a.m.; light sensitivity: 2,800 lx at eye level) and PSD (1.30-6.00 a.m.). Somnopolygraphic investigations demonstrated a significant improvement in sleep maintenance both after BL and PSD, while sleep induction improved only after PSD. Subjectively experienced sleep quality increased after both treatments. However, subjective and objective awakening quality (objectivated by means of psychometric test battery) was improved by BL only, while PSD produced no changes or even a deterioration. Cortisol levels tended to be lowered by BL, while the troughs increased after PSD; there was also an earlier rise in cortisol levels after PSD than BL. No significant differences were found in regard to temperature. Subjectively experienced well-being tended to improve after both interventions. Our findings concerning the beneficial effect of BL on objective and subjective quality of sleep and awakening in normals encourages us to initiate a single-dose study with BL in depressed patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Light treatment in depressive illness. Polysomnographic, psychometric and neuroendocrinological findings.

Objective and subjective quality of sleep and awakening as well as circadian rhythms in cortisol, temperature and well-being were investigated in 10 female hospitalized depressed patients diagnosed as major depressive disorders according to RDC criteria before (baseline), during (intervention) and after (recovery) treatment with biologically active or bright light (BL) and were compared with the findings in 10 normals. Polysomnographic evaluation demonstrated in depressed patients an increased sleep latency, decreased total sleep time, attenuated S4 and augmented REM sleep, as well as a shortened REM latency and a statistically significant increased average REM length as compared with normals. BL tended to shorten sleep onset, decrease number of awakenings, increase REM latency and significantly attenuated the average REM length. Subjective sleep quality tended to improve as did the subjective awakening quality after the recovery night. There was, however, a statistically significant improvement of the objectively evaluated quality of awakening and early morning behavior characterized by an improved attention, reaction time and performance in the reaction time task, while concentration and psychomotor activity tended to improve as as well. BL effects were also seen in hormonal secretion patterns: circadian cortisol secretion maxima occurred earlier in depressed patients than in normals before and after BL treatment, while during BL intervention this difference disappeared. Circadian temperature rhythms did not exhibit any significant findings with the exception of an earlier occurring minimum in depressed patients than in normals after treatment. Finally, subjective well-being as rated by means of an analogue scale was significantly worse in depressed patients than normals before but not during and after light treatment. The findings are discussed.

Adult↗