The relationship of host factors to the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis and obstructive airway disease: lymphoblast aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
B Rosner
Publications and source records attributed to B Rosner.
The nurses' health study.
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Attitude to Health↗
Circulation parameters in the human uteroplacental region studied by a radioactive method.
Maternal placental circulation is of great importance, especially in pathological pregnancies, but methods of functional assessment have not been effective. The method used is based on a follow-up of the dynamic behavior of 113mIntracer labeling the mothers's blood at the uteroplacental region. After localization of the placenta two exponential curves of the dynamic behavior of the tracer, one placental and the other myometrial, were obtained. The measurement was made in the third trimester of pregnancy in 30 women with pathological pregnancies and in 51 pregnant control subjects. The clinically sensitive criteria for distinguishing between pathological and control placentas were found to be the ration between the specific blood flow in the placenta and that in the myometrium (lambda p/lambda m) and the slope (alpha) of the straight line passing through the points of this ratio. The value of lambda p/lambda m for pathological pregnancies was 5.4 +/- 1.0 (SD) vs 1.7 +/- 0.6 in control pregnancies, and the value of alpha for pathological cases was 6.3 compared with 1.5 for control subjects. These tests may be useful in the diagnosis of pathological pregnancies with interference in uteroplacental circulation.
Blood Flow Velocity↗
Screening for hypertension--some statistical observations.
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Blood Pressure Determination↗
A retrospective study of physical activity and coronary deaths.
For a series of 568 married white men aged 30-70 years who died from coronary heart diseases, (CHD), and a matched sample of living neighbourhood controls, information was collected on a large number of variables, including physical activity, (PA), classified according to the Health Insurance Plan Study criteria. Increased leisure PA was associated with a decreased risk of coronary death (p less than .001) but there was no association between job activity and coronary deaths. Step-up multiple regression, based on within-pair differences, was used to control for the possible confounding effects of all variables studied. Even when these variables were controlled for there was still a significant association between increased leisure PA and decreased risk of death due to CHD (P less than .001). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that increased leisure PA can contribute to the prevention of death from CHD.
Adult↗
Vaginal colonization with group B streptococcus: a study in college women.
Vaginal specimens for culture of group B Streptococcus and anonymous questionnaires were obtained from 499 college women. Group B Streptococcus was isolated from 90 (18.0%) of the participants. A selective broth medium was more sensitive for detection of vaginal isolates (85 of 493; 17.2%) than was direct inoculation of blood agar plates (44 of 466; 9.4%). The most prevalent serotypes among the isolates were type III (37.9%) and type II (25.3%). Logit analysis identified four factors associated with a higher prevalence of vaginal colonization with group B Streptococcus. These organisms were isolated significantly more often from (1) women who had an intrauterine device (50% vs. 18.6%; P less than 0.001), (2) sexually experienced women (20% vs. 7.1%; P less than 0.02), (3) women studied during the first half of the menstrual cycle (26.5% vs. 14.5%; P less than 0.01), and (4) women 20 years of age or younger (21.4% vs. 14.8%; P less than 0.05). The prevalence of colonization with group B Streptococcus was not related to sexual practices, history of venereal disease, use of oral contraceptives, presence of gynecologic symptoms, use of antibiotics, race, educational level, marital status, or history of pregnancy.
Adult↗
Vaginal colonization with Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis).
Vaginal cultures for Corynebacterium vaginale and confidential questionnaires were obtained from unselected young women who consulted a gynecologist in a student health service. In all, 466 women were studied, 150 (32.2%) of whom were colonized with C. vaginale. Logit analysis defined four factors that were significantly associated with colonization with C. vaginale: nonwhite race, use of oral contraceptives, no history of marriage, and a history of pregnancy. Sexual experience had little influence on colonization; C. vaginale was isolated from 16 (29%) of 56 sexually inexperienced women and from 40 (41%) of 98 women who had had intercourse with six or more men. After a few patients with trichomoniasis were excluded, there was no association between colonization with C. vaginale and an abnormal vaginal discharge, either as reported by the participant or as noted by the examining physician.
Black People↗
Age-specific correlation analysis of longitudinal blood pressure data.
To evaluate the predictive value of blood pressures for future levels, longitudinal measurements were analyzed among Welsh subjects from age 5 to 74 at entry. The measurements were taken on 863 individuals from the Vale of Glamorgan in 1956, 1960, 1964, and 1971 and on 734 individuals from the Rhondda Fach in 1954, 1958, 1964, and 1971. The tracking correlation, defined as the correlation between blood pressure readings on the same person taken at two different times, is used as a descriptive measure of the magnitude of the association. The tracking correlations range from 0.25 to 0.6-0.7 with most of the increases occurring before age 20. The tracking correlation depends on initial age, sex, and time interval between measurements. The age-specific tracking correlations decrease as time interval between measurements increases. For a given time interval, the age-specific correlations are slightly higher for females than for males. These findings are very similar for each of the two regions studied.
Adolescent↗
In vitro activity of p-hydroxybenzyl penicillin (penicillin X) and five other penicillins against Neisseria gonorrhoeae: comparisons of strains from patients with uncomplicated infections and from women with pelvic inflammatory disease.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six penicillins against 95 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patients with uncomplicated anogenital infections and 22 strains from women with pelvic inflammatory disease were determined by an agar plate dilution method, using an inocula replicator. Against all 117 strains, the order of activity observed was: BL-P1654 > penicillin X > penicillin G > ampicillin > amoxicillin = carbenicillin. MICs against strains isolated from women with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease were significantly higher than those against isolates from uncomplicated infections: BL-P1654, P < 0.001; penicillin X, P < 0.001; penicillin G, P < 0.001; ampicillin, P < 0.001; and amoxicillin, P < 0.05. MICs of penicillin G were >/=0.125 mug/ml against 33 (36%) of the 92 strains from patients with uncomplicated infections, as contrasted with 15 (68%) of the 22 isolates from women with pelvic inflammatory disease (P < 0.01). The means of the MICs of penicillin G were 0.06 mug/ml for the former and 0.14 mug/ml for the latter.
Female↗
Studies on the origin of human hypertension.
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Adolescent↗
Familial aggregation of chronic respiratory disease: use of National Health Interview Survey data for specific hypothesis testing.
The 1970 National Health Interview Survey included questions on respiratory disease and smoking habits. The new data were released in July 1974. Data consisted of information on approximately 116,000 persons from 37,000 households selected randomly from 357 primary sampling units. To test a hypothesis about familial clustering of chronic respiratory disease in households, we selected as index households those having an adult (aged 35-54 years) reporting a diagnosis of asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema and also having first order relatiaves less than age 35. Index households were matched with households from the same neighbourhood having an adult aged 35-54, of the same sex as the diseased person in the index household, without disease and with all other adults 35-54 without disease, and which had first order relatives less than 35 living in the same household. Analysis was carried out using Cochran's d-test to compare frequency of respiratory disease in persons less than 35 in each group. There was a strong association (P less than .001) between persons over 35 with chronic respiratory diseases and the disease rate in their first order relatives. The association could not be explained by differences in demographic variables and smoking habits.
Adolescent↗
Familial aggregation of urinary kallikrein concentration in childhood: relation to blood pressure, race and urinary electrolytes.
Biochemical alterations that have been correlated with elevated blood pressure have not received extensive epidemiologic study because of the technical difficulties involved. Because the excretion of urinary kallikrein is reduced significantly in adult hypertensives, we have studied urinary kallikrein in a cohort of children in whom familial aggregation of blood pressure has been demonstrated. Casual specimens of urine were obtained in household surveys, and urinary concentration of kallikrein was determined in 601 children aged 5-18 years. The children were from 163 families, whose members also had their blood pressures measured. Familial aggregation of urinary kallikrein concentration was found by analysis of variance (F=3.45, p less than 0.001) even in these casual specimens and was demonstrable for black and white children analyzed separately. Urinary kallikrein concentration was significantly lower in black children than in white children (p less than 0.001) and was positively correlated with urinary creatinine and urinary potassium and inversely related to urinary sodium concentrations. Urinary kallikrein concentration also was being altered by season (being lowest in the summer) and by time of day (being highest in the morning). Families with the lowest mean kallikrein concentrations tended to have higher blood pressures than did families with the highest mean kallikrein concentrations, although the effect is small and subject to many variables.
Adolescent↗
Dermatoglyphics in mosaic Down's syndrome.
To determine whether quanitative dermal indices are useful in ascertaining the liability for or severity of mosaic Down's syndrome (DS), dermatoglyphics of 107 subjects with proven 46/47,+21 DS were scored by four quantitative dermal indices. The distribution of mosaics by weighted mean percentage of +21 cells ranged from 1 to 95 and was bimodal. Mean maternal age at birth of mosaics (32.9 +/- 7.5 years) was elevated when compared with control maternal ages in the literature. The distribution of quantitative dermal indices for the total mosaic population fell roughly midway between those in the literature for normal and full DS individuals: 73% of mosaics were classified as definitively DS, 21% were in the intermediate range, and 6% were normal. For mosaics who were minimally affected, 24% were DS, 53% intermediate, and 23% normal. One can conclude: (1) For any suspect mosaic, a dermal score in the DS range is highly suggestive of karyotypic pathology. (2) The high prevalence of intermediate scores in normal subjects severely restricts their diagnostic value in screening for mosaics in the general population. For a selected population, such as parents of +21 children, the screening value of quantitative dermal indices remains an open question. Weighted regression analyses demonstrate a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) of dermal index score with the weighted mean proportion of +21 cells transformed to the logit scale. One may exploit this correlation to predict the ratio of +21/normal cells in infants, in whom early karyotype evolution can preclude an estimate of the ultimate syndrome based on initial degree of mosaicism. Furthermore, this correlation provides additional indirect evidence that dermal microsymptoms in DS are a reflection of the presence of +21 cells.
Dermatoglyphics↗
Household aggregation of pulmonary function and chronic bronchitis.
Persons from 148 randomly selected households in an urban community were screened in their homes using a modified British Medical Research Council respiratory disease questionnaire and a portable spirometer. Analysis showed a significant tendency for chronic bronchitis to aggregate within households. Significant aggregation was observed for 1-sec forced expiratory volume, when measured as the per cent of the predicted value or as a score calculated from the data. The 1-sec forced expiratory volume was significantly correlated between siblings, but less clearly so between spouses. Correlation of 1-sec forced expiratory volume between mother and child appeared to be confounded by maternal smoking habits, an effect most notable between mothers and male offspring. The 1-sec forced expiratory volume of fathers was significantly correlated with that of their children, especially female children, an effect that appeared to be independent of smoking habits.
Adolescent↗
A comparison between the three largest and three last of five forced expiratory maneuvers in a population study.
Five acceptable forced expiratory maneuvers were obtained with a portable spirometer from each person in a population of 1,670 selected from a stratified random sample of a community. The largest 3 of 5 tracings were identifiable as a significantly different subser of the 5 tracings. In 83 per cent of comparisons, the variance of the last 3 was greater than that of the largest 3. Among the largest 3 tracings the highest single value was also identified as significantly different from the other two tracings. For epidemiologic purposes the largest 3 of 5 acceptable tracings is preferable to the last 3 of 5.
Adolescent↗
Reevaluation of the role of T-mycoplasmas in nongonococcal urethritis.
T-mycoplasmas have been associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in studies in which these organisms were found to be more prevalent among men with NGU than among control groups of men. In none of these studies were the groups matched for sexual experience, a variable which we have shown to be an important determinant of colonization with T-mycoplasmas. We obtained urethral cultures for genital mycoplasmas from men presenting to the Boston City Hospital with gonococcal urethritis and with NGU, and from men of comparable sexual experience who did not have urethritis. Colonization with T-mycoplasmas was no more prevalent among men who had NGU than among the men who did not have urethritis. These data raise some serious questions about the role of T-mycoplasmas in nongonococcal urethritis.
Adult↗
Familial aggregation of blood pressures of newborn infants and their mother.
The blood pressures and pulse rates of 257 normal full-term infants and their mothers were measured two to four days after birth. Birthweight was correlated with systolic (P=.038), but not with diastolic blood pressure. Infants who were asleep had significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure than infants who were awake (P less than .001). Sex, body length, and feedings did not appear to influence infant's blood pressure nor did the anesthesia given to the mothers. Maternal diastolic pressure correlated with infant's diastolic pressure (regression coefficient, .128) (P less than .01), whereas for systolic pressure the regression coefficient between maternal and infant pressure was .085 (P=NS). The aggregation between the diastolic blood pressures of infants and mothers was not influenced by birthweight, age of the mother, or medication administered to the mother. The pulse rates of black infants were significantly higher than those of white infants (P less than .002). There was no correlation between the pulse rates and blood pressures in infants.
Analysis of Variance↗