[Male and female psychiatrists. Family circumstances and course of training].
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Denmark↗
Biomedical subjects
B Petersson
Publications and source records attributed to B Petersson.
The renal subcapsular site offers better growth conditions for transplanted mouse pancreatic islet cells than the liver or spleen.
In order to investigate the importance of the transplantation site for the replication of grafted islet cells, we implanted syngeneic mouse pancreatic islets intrasplenically, intraportally and subcapsularly in the kidney. Fourteen days later the alloxan-diabetic mice were killed after an injection of tritiated thymidine, and the graft-bearing organs fixed and processed for autoradiography. The highest labelling indices were recorded for subcapsularly grafted islets, followed by intraportal and intrasplenic islets in that order. In separate experiments some islet-containing kidney sections were immune stained for insulin before the autoradiographic process. The labelling index of the insulin-positive cells was as high as in the entire islet cell population of the sections from the same mice stained with haematoxylin only. This indicates that the B cells of the islets replicate as often as the other islet cell types. The present data also suggest that the renal subcapsular space offers better growth conditions for transplanted islet cells than the liver or spleen.
Animals↗
Working conditions of male and female psychiatrists.
The percentage of females among Danish medical graduates has increased from 1% in 1900-10 to 33% in 1980-84. In 1980 women doctors comprised 21% of all Danish medical doctors; the percentage among psychiatrists was 29. The purpose of the study has been to analyse the job-profiles of male and female psychiatrists, and their activities in research, teaching, committees, etc. The job-profiles of males and females differ, females more likely being in less influential positions. Based on an investigation among members of the Danish Psychiatric Association, the working conditions and professional activity of 307 male and female psychiatrists were analysed. Male psychiatrists were found to complete their training at a younger age than females. Among those aged 25-44, 29% of males and 6% of females had reached a position as chief consultant. Males report greater activity in all areas of research, and 35% of females and 17% of males do not research at all. In all age groups and all fields investigated more males take part in organisational activities, while 48% of females and 25% of males report no such activity. No difference was found regarding teaching experience, but men were relatively more often involved in teaching professional groups and women, nursing staff. A significant preponderance of males had their main interest in biological psychiatry, females in psychotherapy.
Adult↗
[Bulimia--psychosocial aspects].
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Adolescent↗
[Alcohol and mortality in younger middle-aged men in Malmö].
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Alcoholism↗
Screening and intervention for alcohol-related disease in middle-aged men: the Malmö Preventive Programme.
In the Malmö Preventive Programme the tracing and prevention of alcohol-related disease was attempted by means of the enzyme serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in a large unselected population of middle-aged men. Alcohol was considered to be the underlying factor in 70% of subjects with raised GGT values. In a prospective analysis, alcohol-related death turned out to be a major contributor to death in men who died within five years of the screening. GGT was the variable that was most predictive for premature death in this population. There were also statistically significant correlations between alcohol-related death and a questionnaire, the Mm-MAST, positively, and serum creatinine and serum cholesterol, negatively. In the randomized intervention programme, reductions in sickness benefit days, hospital admissions and mortality were seen in the intervention group in comparison with the control group, after four years of follow-up. The intervention programme was therefore effective in preventing the consequences of heavy drinking, and a risk factor approach to alcohol-related diseases seems feasible. This approach, however, encounters several problems, such as the recruitment of the non-participants in the screening, the investigation of the GGT-high/non-alcoholic subjects, and the identification of the GGT-normal/alcoholic subjects.
Alcoholism↗
Alcohol and the vascular system.
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Alcoholism↗
Rapid depletion of somatostatin in isolated mouse pancreatic islets after treatment with cysteamine.
Cysteamine (CSH; beta-mercaptoethylamine) is known to deplete pancreatic somatostatin without affecting the insulin or glucagon content. It may therefore be useful for studies of intra-islet regulation of hormone release. In the present study injection of CSH (60 mg/kg body weight) to mice decreased the somatostatin content of their isolated pancreatic islets to 50% in 1 h and 30% in 4 h as compared to islets of non-injected controls. Exposure of isolated mouse islets to CSH (100 micrograms/ml) for either 0.5 h followed by incubation in control medium for 3.5 h, or continuously for 4 h, decreased the somatostatin content to about 40% of the controls. There was no change in the islet content of insulin or glucagon. Islets pretreated with CSH (100 micrograms/ml) for 1 h in vitro showed a decreased glucose stimulation of both oxygen consumption and glucose oxidation. Measurements of insulin release after a similar preincubation of the islets indicated an increased basal release and an attenuated glucose stimulation. It is concluded that CSH rapidly decreases islet somatostatin both in vivo and in vitro. This depletion may lead to a loss of tonic inhibition by islet somatostatin on basal insulin release. It is, however, more plausible that the increased basal insulin release reflected a direct effect of CSH on the islet beta-cells.
Animals↗
Tissue culture of human fetal pancreas. Development and function of B-cells in vitro and transplantation of explants to nude mice.
The present study evaluates the development and function of human fetal B-cells in vitro with a view to using such cells in future attempts for transplantation of human fetal pancreas to diabetic patients. A method previously described in our laboratory for preparing islets in vitro from the fetal rat pancreas has been applied and modified for use with human fetal pancreas. Pancreatic glands of different gestational ages were obtained from 37 consecutive prostaglandin-induced abortions. After a mild collagenase treatment, the partially disintegrated tissue was maintained in culture for 7 days in tissue culture medium RPMI 1640 plus 20% fetal calf serum to permit cell attachment and out-growth of endocrine cells. In 17 of the 37 consecutively cultured fetal pancreatic glands, islet-like cell clusters were formed. The 20 remaining glands were lost because of either bacterial contamination or lack of viability already before dissection had occurred. Sections of the newly formed cell clusters revealed well-preserved pancreatic cells showing frequent mitotic figures. The tissue exhibited a high rate of (pro)insulin biosynthesis and a modest insulin response to secretory stimuli, suggesting that the mechanism of glucose regulation by the fetal B-cells is not yet fully developed. Electron micrographs showed a large number of granule-containing cells, some of which were identified as B-cells. In nine cases, harvested cell clusters were implanted beneath the kidney capsule of nude mice. When these animals were killed after 2 mo, seven mice showed a considerable growth of the grafts with numerous islet-like structures containing insulin- and glucagon-positive cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
A risk factor approach to the alcohol-related diseases.
Alcohol-related disorders belong to the spectrum of major non-infectious diseases in Western societies which are capable of prevention by means that have not yet been fully implemented. The mortality in a population of 10,353 middle-aged males invited to a preventive medical population program in Malmö was assessed for 1.5-6.5 years (mean 4.5 years) after the time of invitation and analysed in relation to participation or non-participation. The characteristics at entry of the 7948 males who participated in screening were compared in order to evaluate risk factor patterns for the major categories of premature death during the follow-up period. Among the non-participants for screening the mortality rate was twice as high, and the death rate due to alcohol-related diseases was five times higher than among the participants. There were no significant differences between participants and non-participants in the other death causes. The autopsy rate was high, at 87.8%. Even in the males participating in the screening, alcohol-related deaths constituted a major mortality category, comprising 55 of 218 cases, whereas cancer comprised 61 and coronary heart disease 50 of the premature deaths in this group. In these three main categories of male premature mortality, significant and distinctly differential risk factor patterns were found. Risk factors for coronary heart disease involved smoking, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and systolic blood pressure, and for alcohol-related deaths involved gamma-glutamyltransferase, an alcoholism screening questionnaire and, inversely, serum cholesterol and serum creatinine. In both groups of diseases, these risk factors could be combined into a highly predictive multiple logistic risk factor function. The discriminative power of this instrument was higher for the alcohol-related deaths than for the coronary heart disease deaths. Malignant and alcohol-related diseases constituted at least equally prominent categories as the cardiovascular disorders among the deaths that occurred within middle age in these cohorts. All of these conditions are potentially avoidable and are associated with significant and distinctive risk factor patterns. Risk factors may be applied to the alcohol-related disorders as signals for preventive measures in analogy with tested methods for the regulation of blood pressure and serum lipids.
Alcoholism↗
The structure and hormone content of the endocrine pancreas of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).
Little is known of the blood sugar regulation in the camel and the morphology and function of its endocrine pancreas. The present paper describes the light microscopic structure and hormone content of the endocrine pancreas of the one-humped camel. Staining of pancreatic sections with haematoxylin-eosin or aldehyde-fuchsin showed numerous islets evenly distributed in all parts of the pancreas. Immunocytochemical staining for insulin or glucagon indicated that islets were predominantly composed of centrally located B-cells, surrounded by a peripheral rim of A-cells. Corresponding stainings for somatostatin or pancreatic polypeptide (PP) demonstrated that D-cells comprised only a small part of the islet volume while PP-cells were common both within and outside the islets. There were no obvious differences between the frequency of the various islet cells in different pancreatic regions. The pancreatic hormone concentrations roughly corresponded to the frequency of the different islet cell types. Insulin appeared most abundant followed by glucagon, PP and somatostatin in decreasing order. The concentrations of each of the hormones were similar in different regions of the gland. It is concluded that the endocrine pancreas of the one-humped camel is dispersed into islets of the same size and cellular composition as has been described in many other mammalian species.
Animals↗
[Risk factors for premature death in middle-aged men in Malmö].
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Age Factors↗
Premature death and associated risk factors in urban middle-aged men.
The full range of premature mortality and associated risk factors was analyzed for a follow-up period of three and a half to eight years in a uniform group of 7,935 middle-aged males (46 to 48 years old at screening) participating between the years 1975 and 1979 in the preventive population program in Malmö (participation rate 76.7 percent). Of the 218 deaths that occurred, necropsy was performed in 181 (83.0 percent). Three major causes of death were established: cancer (61/218), alcohol-related deaths (55/218), and coronary heart disease (50/218). In these three main categories of male premature mortality, significant and distinctly differential risk factor patterns were found. In coronary heart disease, smoking (p = 0.0062), serum cholesterol level (p = 0.00014), serum triglyceride level (p = 0.00013), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.000012), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0021) were the strongest single determinants, but the independent role of the diastolic blood pressure disappeared in a multivariate analysis whereas all the others could be combined in a highly predictive logistic model. In the alcohol-related group, equal or stronger risk factor associations were present for serum gamma-glutamyltransferase level (p less than 0.0001), questionnaire alcoholism screening response (p less than 0.0001) and, inversely, serum cholesterol level (p = 0.0046) and serum creatinine level (p less than 0.0001), all of which were independent and could be combined in an even more predictive logistic model than in the coronary heart disease group. In the cancer deaths, significant associations were found for serum urate level (p = 0.023) and, inversely, serum cholesterol level (p = 0.056 - 0.031). Malignant and alcohol-related diseases constituted at least equally prominent groups as the cardiovascular disorders of the total premature deaths that occurred during middle age in these cohorts of Malmö males. All of these conditions are potentially avoidable and seem to be associated with significant and distinctive risk factor patterns. It seems possible that these factors may be applied, in current alcohol-related disorders and in future malignant diseases, both as indicators of the respective risks and as signals and instruments for directed preventive measures like the previously well established and tested methods for the regulation of blood pressure, serum lipids levels, and so on.
Age Factors↗
Major determinants of premature mortality in middle-aged urban males. Alcohol-related deaths and degree of participation in a preventive population program against alcohol and its complications.
The total, consecutive mortality in a population of 10,353 middle-aged males invited to participate in a preventive medical population program in Malmö was followed up 1.5-6.5 years, mean 4.5 years, after the time of invitation and analyzed in relation to participation or nonparticipation, forensic or in-hospital autopsy and possible intervention effects. The total mortality was twice as high in the nonparticipants as in the participants, and the death rate due to alcohol-related diseases was five times higher. There were no significant differences in other causes of death, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In the nonparticipants autopsied at the Forensic Department the proportion of alcohol-related deaths was 60.5%, compared with 10.0% in participants autopsied in hospital. A history of alcohol abuse was present in 45.2% of the total sample, and in 61.0% of the group autopsied at the Forensic Department. In participants with increased screening gamma-glutamyltransferase, mortality at 48-72 months' follow-up was lower in an intervention group in comparison with a control group matched for sex, age and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The results support findings that alcohol-related deaths, nonparticipation in a preventive population program, and intervention effects in a public health strategy against alcohol and its complications are major determinants of premature mortality in middle-aged urban males.
Age Factors↗
Survival of human fetal pancreatic explants in organ culture as reflected in insulin secretion and oxygen consumption.
Human fetal pancreatic explants were maintained in organ culture for up to 12 days in medium TC 199 or RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum. The explants were cultured at their air-liquid interface on a Millipore filter supported by surgical gel foam (ALI technique). The insulin accumulation in the culture medium decreased considerably when explants were maintained for 6 days in RPMI 1640. No corresponding decline was observed with medium TC 199. Four out of 9 RPMI 1640-cultured and 8 out of 11 TC 199-cultured explants responded with an increased insulin release when challenged with high glucose-plus-theophylline after one week of culture. With these explants there was a statistically significant correlation between their rates of respiration and insulin secretion. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between the fetal crown-heel length on the one hand--and the insulin content, insulin response, and oxygen uptake on the other--of the TC 199 cultured explants. There was no apparent change in the rate of insulin accumulation by addition of high glucose or amino acids to the TC 199 medium. It is concluded that oxygen uptake measurements, requiring only minute amounts of tissue, are useful for assessing the viability of human fetal pancreatic explants, and that the ALI technique for maintaining human fetal pancreas in culture offers no obvious advantage over that of the submersion technique. There is also evidence that suggests a better functional preservation in culture medium TC 199 than in RPMI 1640.
Fetus↗
Alcohol-related death and associated risk factors in urban middle-aged males.
Alcohol-related disorders belong to the spectrum of major non-infectious diseases in Western societies which can be prevented by means that have not yet been fully implemented. Total consecutive mortality in a population of 10353 middle-age males invited to take a part in a preventive medical population program in Malmö was followed up for 3.5-8.5 years (mean 4.5) after the time of invitation and analysed in relation to participation or non-participation and forensic or in-hospital autopsy. Entry characteristics in the 7935 males who attended the screening were compared in order to evaluate risk factor patterns for the major categories of premature death during the follow-up period. Even in the males participating in the screening, alcohol-related deaths (ARD) constituted a major mortality category, comprising 55 of 218 cases, whereas cancer comprised 61 and coronary heart disease (CHD) 50 of the premature deaths in this group. Both in the ARD and CHD categories of male premature mortality, significant and distinctly differential risk factor patterns were found; in CHD for smoking, cholesterol, serum triglycerides and systolic blood pressure, and in ARD for gamma-glutamyltransferase, questionnaire alcoholism screening test and, inversely, serum cholesterol and serum creatinine. In both groups of diseases, these risk factors could be combined into highly predictive multiple logistic risk factor functions. The discriminative power of this instrument was even higher in ARD than in CHD deaths. In consequence, these factors may be applied both as indicators of the ARD risk and as signals and instrument for directed preventive measures in analogy with previously well established and tested methods for the regulation of blood pressure, serum lipids, etc. in the conquest of the cardiovascular diseases.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Psychosocial considerations of the premenstrual syndrome.
For many years a possible conjoint physical and psychological cyclicity among women has been discussed. To date there has been no biological explanation for psychological cyclicity. Attempts to treat negative psychological symptoms during the premenstrual phase by pharmacological means have not been significantly superior to placebo. The psychological viewpoint stresses that the repetitive confrontation with often conflicting material during the premenstrual phase must be seen in light of the development and integration of the personality. This process occurs by identification with the mother, and premenstrual symptoms can be seen as reflecting problems with feminine self-acceptance and self-esteem. The attributional explanation where women's negative but not positive moods are seen as biological could further affect women's self-esteem. Important scientific problems regarding the study of cyclical moods and behavior, the description of a baseline, the validity of self-reports and the soundness and validity of questionnaires often used, remain unsolved.
Attitude↗