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B L Reid

Publications and source records attributed to B L Reid.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

On the nature of growth and new growth based on experiments designed to reveal a structure and function for laboratory space. Part III. Vorticeal behaviour. Dielectrics and matter responsiveness to fields. The primacy of pressure.

This final paper in a series of three continues the discussion on experiments reported in the first which suggested a structure and function for laboratory space. The discussion is grouped under three heads. First a continuation of the discussion of vorticeal properties emphasises the ubiquity of non-observable vorticeal streets (filaments) at site of growth be this biological or hydrodynamic. Vorticeal patterns in pairs of streets can lead to stable or unstable behaviour. Stability of the pattern may underlie that filament subtending new growth in contrast to the instability leading to differentiation in growth manifest from unstable filaments. Rational treatment of the former would suggest exhibition of instability and this may underlie regimes as disparate as Lakhovsky's non-linear oscillators, Coley's bacterial digests and interferon used for cancer therapy. Secondly, study of dielectric properties of biomatter could be used to support the generalisation reached from vorticeal behaviour that the most ordered matter (high permittivity) is associated with growth and embryonic properties and the least ordered with differentiation and maturity. Finally those experiments are referred which showed a concurrence of atmospheric pressure and electrical effects at the remote site during action at a distance. Reasons making use of quantum field theory tenets are advanced for viewing pressure as a primary and the electrical effects as a secondary response to pressure in the non observable world.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Indirect calorimetry evaluation of dietary protein and animal fat effects on energy utilization of laying hens.

A multichamber indirect calorimeter was constructed and used to measure energy utilization of laying hens. Four basic diets were formulated by a least cost linear program for use in this study. The first diet was formulated to meet the 1984 National Research Council (NRC) recommendations and contained by analysis 14.5% protein, .58% TSAA, and .68% lysine (designated NRC). The second diet (NRCAA) was formulated to the same amino acid specifications without a protein restriction and contained 12.9% protein, .57% TSAA, and .69% lysine. Another pair of diets was formulated with higher protein (HP) and amino acid restrictions. The HP diet contained 16% protein, .67% TSAA, and .85% lysine; whereas the HPAA diet had 14% protein, .68% TSAA, and .86% lysine. Four additional diets were formulated with the inclusion of 3% animal fat, using the same protein and amino acid restrictions as were used to formulate the first four diets. Animal fat supplementation significantly (P less than .05) improved energy balance (retention) of birds fed all formulations compared with the diets without added fat. Formulation of a diet based on amino acid restrictions significantly increased net energetic efficiency of birds fed amino acid levels higher than those recommended by the NRC (79.2 for HPAA vs. 62.1% for HP), but did not significantly affect net efficiency of birds fed the lower amino acid levels (NRC and NRCAA).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Intestinal disaccharidases of young turkeys: temporal development and influence of diet composition.

An experiment was done to determine maltase, sucrase, isomaltase, and trehalase activities in mucosa of different segments of small intestines of young turkeys as influenced by age and diet. Two-day-old poults were fed diets containing no added fat [44.6% starch, 2.2% ether extract by weight (HC)], 10% tallow (T), or 10% corn oil [(CO) 29.0% starch, 10.9% ether extract]. Diets HC, T, and CO were calculated to contain 2,705, 3,083, and 3,196 kcal ME/kg, respectively, and constant protein, TSAA, and lysine:ME ratios were maintained. Appreciable maltase and isomaltase specific activities (micromoles of substrate hydrolyzed per milligram protein per hour) were observed in 2-day-old poults, and activities of these enzymes increased in poults fed the HC diet through 7 and 14 days, respectively. At 2 days, specific activity of sucrase was low, and trehalase activity was not detected. Sucrase activity increased steadily through 28 days of age in poults fed the HC diet. Trehalase activity was detected at 7 days of age and reached a maximum by Day 21 after hatch. By Day 28, trehalase activity had disappeared from all segments except for the proximal jejunum. In 28-day-old poults fed the HC diet, specific activities of all disaccharidases were greatest in the jejunal segments; i.e., 21, 1.06, 7.24, and .034 mumol/mg protein/h for maltase, sucrase, isomaltase, and trehalase, respectively, in the proximal jejunum. Poults fed the T or CO diets had significantly lower disaccharidase activities than did those fed the HC diet, beginning at 7 days of age. Changes in specific activities of disaccharidases as related to age or diet or both were not always parallel, suggesting that each enzyme may be regulated by or affected by diet in a partly independent way.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Animal fat effects on nutrient utilization.

Laying hens were employed to study the effects of carrier on the true metabolizable energy (TME) of tallow using corn, milo, soybean meal, wheat bran, and dehydrated alfalfa meal with tallow at 0, 2, 4, or 6%. In addition to bomb calorimetry measurements on feed and excreta samples, tallow TME values were calculated from absorbability data. Estimates of TME for tallow varied with carrier feedstuff from 7.19 kcal/g in soybean meal to 13.62 kcal/g when wheat bran was fed. For the corn, milo, and soybean meal series only fat retentions were significantly affected by tallow supplementation. Calculated tallow absorbabilities were 101.8% with corn, 95.8% with milo, and 107.3% with soybean meal. Highest tallow TME values were obtained with wheat bran and dehydrated alfalfa meal, apparently due to increase protein retention from wheat bran and to both improved protein retention and starch absorption with dehydrated alfalfa meal.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

The causation of cervical cancer. Part I: A general review.

The causation of cervical cancer is conveniently discussed by using themes emergent from a great volume of field studies and by using the manner in which this evidence has been exploited in the clinic and laboratory. Epidemiology themes dwell on the strong correlation of disease incidence with sexual behaviour of both male and female, sufficient to regard cervical cancer as a type of venereal disease and an equally strong correlation with socio-economic class. Mortality rises when the male partner resides in the lower social classes. Laboratory and clinical studies have defined the tissue at risk and a few studies attempt definition of reasons for such risk. The accent in these studies is on a derangement of the cell filament system seen as grades of unusual keratinization. The vast bulk of laboratory studies is devoted to a definition of the carcinogen. The venereal nature of the epidemiological evidence renders a transmissible agent as most suspect. Viruses have been a popular subject because of this demonstrable capacity to transform cells in vitro and in vivo. Our own studies have concentrated on a component of the sperm as carcinogen or cocarcinogen. A new approach to carcinogenesis, relying on study of energy flow through the cell, is discussed in terms of its close relationship to events in the transforming and transformed cervical cell.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1984

Dietary sulfur amino acid level and energy utilization in laying hens.

Effects of marginal total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) deficiency and methionine toxicity on energy utilization of laying hens were studied with 7-month-old Single Comb White Leghorn pullets housed in individual cages at constant temperatures of 15.6 and 32.2 C. Diets containing .47, .49, .51, and 3.47% TSAA were fed throughout the 4-week study. Following a 2-week acclimation period, each diet was fed at three levels of intake for 2 weeks. Voluntary feed and metabolizable energy (ME) consumption of nontoxic TSAA diets was significantly reduced at the higher housing temperature, and a further significant reduction was observed with the toxic diet at both temperatures. Energy balance increased from 79.7 to 98.7 kcal/bird per day at 32.2 C and from 117.3 to 142.0 kcal at 15.6 C as dietary TSAA increased from .47 to .51%; energy balance of hens fed 3.47% TSAA was very low at both temperatures. Maintenance ME requirements were unaffected by dietary TSAA up to .51%, ranging from 123.3 to 131.1 and 155.5 to 163.5 kcal/hen per day at 32.2 C and 15.6 C, respectively; the requirement increased about 20 kcal/day at each temperature when the toxic TSAA diet was fed. As the amino acid balance of the diet was improved with methionine supplementation up to .51%, heat increment plus activity decreased from 70.2 to 37.0 kcal/bird per day for hens housed at 32.2 C. Consequently, efficiency of conversion of dietary ME to net energy improved from 52.1% with .47% TSAA to 63.8% with .51% TSAA. Housing temperature did not influence energetic efficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids, Sulfur↗
PubMed1983

Carcinogenesis.

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Animals↗
PubMed1980

The mathematical transformation of growth and form--I:Transferring the wave - particle duality from physics to biology and proposing wave interaction as a key determinant of biological structure.

Just as the material units of existence, atoms and basic particles, can be viewed as waves or particles, depending on the observational frame chosen by the physicist, so also can biochemical macro-molecules, the units of biological existence, be viewed as waves or particles by the biologist. It is proposed that the flux of different waveforms which floods biological systems provides an interference pattern, whose energetic distribution forms a scaffold for the construction of biological forms. In this way the biological whole becomes the Fourier transform of the parts and histological pattern becomes the determinant of macroscopic form. Evidence is adduced suggesting that biological forms follow the energy patterns laid down by the environment. It is proposed that the ability of bipolymers to re-radiate coherent waveforms derived from the environment, has given evolved systems the autonomy which has allowed a free and prolific evolution. This coherent illumination can be analysed by Fourier methods and this shows that the results are peculiarly appropriate for biological systems. The Gaussian waveform is all-important and may explain the influence of homogeneous and heterogeneous DNA in cell surface kinetics, hybridisation and carcinogenesis.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1980

Energy utilization in laying hens. III. Effect of dietary protein level at 21 and 32 C.

White Leghorn pullets housed at either 21 or 32 C were used to investigate the effects of dietary protein level on energy utilization. Protein levels of 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20% were employed in this study with three feeding levels of each (two restricted levels and ad lib.). All diets were isocaloric, and the duration of the study was 21 days. Maintenance metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated as 134 and 121 kcal/kg physiological body weight (BW.75) at 21 and 32 C, respectively. Fasting heat production/BW.75 was 21% higher at the lower temperature (89 vs. 70 kcal). Estimates of energetic efficiencies at 21 C varied from 60.9% for the 12% protein diet to 72.4% for the 18% protein diets. At 32 C, similar diets showed lower energetic efficiencies for ME conversion to net energy (50.6% for the 12% protein diet and 70.6% at 20% protein) due to lower feed intakes. Egg weights were significantly higher at the lower environmental temperature, and at each temperature they were increased with the feeding of the higher protein diets. The average feed efficiency (g egg/g feed) was significantly better at the higher environmental temperature (.46 vs. .53). Calculations of heat increment (HI) plus activity from a parabolic regression developed in relation to protein intakes showed higher (HI plus activity) values with either low or high protein intakes. Thus, the feeding of dietary protein levels which result in intakes commensurate with needs should result in maximum energetic efficiencies and dietary net energy.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Sperm basic proteins in cervical carcinogenesis: Correlation with socioeconomic class.

Two types of basic protein, a histone and a protamine, were separated from single ejaculates of human sperm and a ratio between their contents in a given number of sperm established. The ratio varied widely in different males and correlated with ranking by social class: the lower the social class, the greater the proportion of protamine. Statistically similar correlations link social class with the incidence of venereal disease and the incidence of in-situ carcinoma of the cervix, both of which are epidemiological variables in squamous cervical cancer. The basic proteins of the sperm head, especially the protamines, may thus also have a role in the aetiology of squamous cervical cancer.

Carcinogens↗