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Biomedical subjects

B L Reid

Publications and source records attributed to B L Reid.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Insecticide susceptibility of cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) pupae.

Studies were conducted to investigate what protective nature the cocoon and nylon carpeting has against the performance of insecticides directed at cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), pupae developing in carpet. The following 5 combinations of life stages and substrates were used in these tests were: (1) larvae that pupated in carpet, (2) cocoons placed in carpet, (3) naked pupae placed in carpet, (4) cocoons placed on filter paper, and (5) naked pupae placed on filter paper. These studies evaluated the performance of chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, permethrin, and linalool. When averaged over all insecticides, the mean controls of cocooned pupae placed in carpet and cocooned pupae placed on filter paper were 37.2 and 26.7%, respectively, whereas that of naked pupae placed in carpet was only 13.7%. Additional tests conducted using chlorpyrifos revealed that mortality was 23 and 42% higher, respectively, whenever pupae in cocoons and naked pupae were treated in glass dishes without filter paper. These studies demonstrate that the debri-coated cocoon is not a barrier to insecticide penetration, and that pupae appeared to be protected inside the carpet matrix. Additional studies demonstrated that control of pupae developing in carpet was maximized at lower application pressures. The mean control of pupae with chlorpyrifos at 0.7 kg/cm2 pressure was 77.2%, yet applications at 1.7 kg/cm2 resulted in only 23.3% control.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

An intangible energy in the functioning biosystem. I: A search for its fate and a proposed method of delivery.

This paper treats evidence for an increasing recognition of a force with intangible properties in biosystems with special reference to its ability to transport electrons at near 0 degree Kelvin. It is implied that such force, whose demonstration at these temperatures is an experimental contrivance to emphasise its strictly quantal status, can be operative at room temperature. A discussion is entered as to a mode for delivery of intangible energy from demonstrable non-local origins, locally to the cell to provide for structure and function. Extensive use is made of theory of the structure of the photon from de Broglie and others to accommodate a co-existence of real (electromagnetic) and quantal (intangible) fields within the photon and to discuss how such co-existence may have been copied or otherwise made manifest in a macroscopic structure such as the cell. Cell function is then viewed as concurrent real and intangible effects following stimuli derived from perturbation of the real or electromagnetic component.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

An intangible energy in the functioning biosystem. II: Useful parallels with circuit theory and with non-linear optics.

The argument is developed that a structure and function already exists in selected inanimate systems for an intangible energy dissipating these systems and that, in so doing, this energy exhibits certain properties, readily recognised in the functioning biosystem. The central thesis is that, during dissipation, the structure of the biosystem affords opportunity for an enhanced display of these properties, so that this structure can be rationally recognised as obligatory in the transition, inanimate to animate matter. The systems chosen are those of reactance in linear circuit theory of electronics, and some recent developments in non-linear optics, both of which rely on imaginary or quantal force to display observable effects. Discussion occurs on the fashion which the development of a statistical formalism as a basis for the study of squeezed states of light in these non-linear systems, has, at the same time, overcome a long standing veto on the practical use of quantal energy associated with the Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg. These ideas are used to vindicate the suggestion that a theoretical basis is presently available for an engineering type approach, toward an intangible force as it exists in the biosystem. The origins and properties of such a force continue to be considered by many as immersed in mysticism.

Light↗
PubMed1994

Hydroprene effects on the dynamics of laboratory populations of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

The influence of sterilization by hydroprene on population dynamics in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), was studied in the laboratory where more detailed and accurate assessments could be achieved than would be possible under typical field situations. The gradual accumulation of sterile adultoids (i.e., adults with twisted wings, indicating exposure to hydroprene) during treatment, or their decreasing abundance after treatment, produced distinctive patterns in the dynamics of treated populations. The percentage of gravid females (a reproductive index) was first to respond to treatments, because increases (or decreases) in the percentage of gravid females preceded reductions (or recoveries) in sample density and nymph-to-adult ratios by 4-6 wk. Trends in the percentage of adultoids were negatively correlated with the percentage of gravid females and indirectly measure the activity of hydroprene. Initial reductions in the percentage of gravid females, sample density, and nymph-to-adult ratios began at or about the time when approximately 80% of adults had twisted wings (i.e., were adultoids). As the percentage of adultoids attained (or declined below) the 80% level, we can accurately predict the subsequent decline (or recovery) in nymph-to-adult ratios and, thus, sample density. These data support a proposal to adopt the 80% level of adultoids as an action threshold for regulating juvenoid treatments to maximize population suppression. The role of this action threshold in the long-term management of chronic B. germanica infestations or insecticide resistant populations is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Copper deficiency shifts energy substrate utilization from carbohydrate to fat and reduces fat mass in rats.

The influence of copper deficiency on energy metabolism and body composition was examined in rats. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to two dietary treatments: copper-adequate (102.2 mumol/kg) and copper-deficient (9.0 mumol/kg). After 4 wk of treatment, rats were individually housed in metabolic cages within indirect calorimetry units for measurements of respiratory quotient to determine substrate utilization. Body composition was measured by total body electrical conductivity. Net energetic efficiency and fasting heat production were determined from regression analysis of metabolizable energy intake and energy retention (metabolizable energy intake-heat production). Rats were given free access to their respective diets for almost the entire study but were restricted to 70% of normal energy intake for 2 d to provide a range of energy intake required for the regression analysis. Energetic evaluations were determined for 12 d at normal intake and 2 d at a modest restriction (30%). Copper deficiency reduced the respiratory quotient values (0.85 to 0.80), carbohydrate utilization (7.9 to 5.2 g/d), energy retention [8.4 to -66.9 kJ/kg0.75.d)] and energy efficiency (97.8 to 87.7%). However, daily metabolizable energy intake and absolute fasting heat production were not altered. Reductions in final body weights (289 to 263 g), absolute fat mass (65.7 to 51.5 g) and proportion of body fat (22.7 to 19.6 g/100 g) were observed in copper-deficient rats compared with controls when all indirect calorimetry measurements were completed after 7 wk of treatment. Thus, copper deficiency increased utilization of fat as substrate for energy and reduced body fat mass in rats.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Oral toxicity, formulation effects, and field performance of flufenoxuron against the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

Laboratory and field studies on the benzoylphenyl urea (BPU) chitin synthetase inhibitor flufenoxuron (DPX EY-059) showed great potential for its use in suppressing infestations of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). When fed continuously to fifth (last) instars, the LC50 of flufenoxuron was estimated at 0.82 ppm (95% FL, 0.76-0.87 ppm). A rating scale specific for BPU effects was developed and shown to be positively correlated with the insect's exposure to concentration of flufenoxuron. Manipulating the particle size of wettable powder formulations of flufenoxuron significantly altered their activity in contact bioassays. Larger particles (volume mean diameter, 12.2 mu; range, 10-20 mu) were more active. Field trials in multifamily housing with this wettable powder formulation at 0.033 and 0.066% (AI) achieved high level (greater than 80%) population suppression within 8 wk of treatment. The potential for the use of flufenoxuron in B. germanica management programs is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Topical and oral toxicity of sulfluramid, a delayed-action insecticide, against the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

The LD50 of sulfluramid topically applied to 2-d-old, fifth instars of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), was estimated at 14.5 micrograms/g (95% FL = 13.7-15.4 micrograms/g). Sulfluramid was significantly more toxic than topically applied hydramethylnon (LD50 = 29.2 [19.0-46.5] micrograms/g). Sulfluramid had delayed toxicity but caused mortality significantly faster than hydramethylnon after topical application. The oral LD50 against newly enclosed, fifth instars was estimated to be 4.1 (3.9-4.4) micrograms/g; this toxicity was significantly greater than when sulfluramid was topically applied. Mortality caused by sulfluramid occurred significantly more slowly in the dietary exposures than in the topical applications. Sulfluramid at 1,000 ppm in diets was not a feeding deterrent to nymphal B. germanica.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of fenoxycarb on German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) populations in public housing.

In a study examining three application rates for fenoxycarb, new interpretations of population age structure in relation to sterility levels and population reductions were used to establish important concepts in the management of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), with juvenoids. No significant differences in population reductions were noted when 0.5%, 0.25%, or 0.125% fenoxycarb was used to supplement propetamphos. However, significant differences in levels of induced sterility and in the age structure (measured as nymph-to-adult ratios) of treated populations were detected. The 0.125% rate caused lower, less consistent levels of sterility than the two higher rates, which maintained approximately 80% sterility from 4.5 mo and beyond. In addition, the 0.125% rate did not significantly reduce nymph-to-adult ratios in treated populations relative to that caused by the propetamphos alone (positive control). The two higher rates significantly reduced nymph-to-adult ratios, thereby lowering biotic potential and the capacity of a population to rebound from suppression. A relationship between the level of sterility induced by juvenoids and reductions in nymph-to-adult ratios permitted formulation of a biological action threshold for regulating treatment. This action threshold appears to be more meaningful than time intervals for scheduling retreatments in the long-term management of German cockroaches with juvenoids.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

The utilization of calcium soaps from animal fat by laying hens.

Ground wheat was employed as a carrier to evaluate the utilization by laying hens of animal fat, calcium soaps of fatty acids from animal fat (CS), and animal fat in the presence of 3.8% added calcium. Birds trained to consume their daily feed in two 1-h periods were fed ground wheat with 0, 3, 6, and 9% animal fat, CS, or 10% ground limestone and animal fat to provide 11 experimental diets. Animal fat and preformed CS were highly available to laying hens with total fatty acid availabilities of 100.2 +/- 1.2 (SE) and 99.2 +/- 3.6%, respectively, estimated by the regression of added fat on determined fat retentions. However, 3.8% calcium reduced animal-fat fatty acid availability to 86.3 +/- .7%. The true metabolizable energy of animal fat, as determined by regression from bomb-calorimetry data, was 9.63 +/- .58 kcal per g; a value of 9.36 kcal per g was obtained from fat-retention data [100.2% of the gross energy (GE) of 9.34 +/- .78 kcal per g]. With added limestone, the respective TME values were 9.36 +/- 1.30 kcal per g (regression) and 8.06 kcal per g (retention). The TME of the CS fatty acids was 7.20 +/- 1.05 kcal per g, estimated by regression; and the value calculated from CS fat retentions was 8.14 kcal per g, representing 99.2% of the GE (8.20 +/- .58 kcal per g). Discrepancies between calorimetric and fat-retention TME estimates represented animal-fat effects on wheat starch, fat, and amino-acid retentions.

Absorption↗
PubMed1989

On the nature of growth and new growth based on experiments designed to reveal a structure and function for laboratory space. Part I. A synopsis of experimental results and discussion (thermodynamics aspects, transmission of cell radiations, the role of oxygen).

Experiments were designed to investigate the contribution of space existing outside the immediate range of chemical reactions of crystal growth and biological phenomena with special reference to growth. Results have been interpreted on the basis that space has both structure and function. Properties derived from the interpretation include action at a distance, memory and the ability to sustain matter in steady states which inter alia constitute patterns of growth. A throughflow (or dissipation) of space was shown necessary to sustain the pattern. Patterns so formed in biomatter can reproduce themselves as virtual images which can be rescued as real images which exhibit a remarkable fidelity of copy. The discussion enters contributions to the prime idea that space has structure and function by recource to modern ideas on non-linear thermodynamics, radiations between cells, quantum field theory and vortex theory, only the first two of which are treated in this paper.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

On the nature of growth and new growth based on experiments designed to reveal a structure and function for laboratory space. Part II. An approach to the structure of space through quantum field theory with examples of possible biological relevance.

A previous paper in this series described experiments and observations which could have been produced by properties derived from the quality of laboratory space. In particular, action at a distance was of commonplace occurrence. It was argued that support for this idea was forthcoming from two recent developments in physics, that of non-linear thermodynamics and that of quantum mechanics followed by quantum electrodynamics. The first permitted the concept of a formative or structuring role for energy permeating matter the second the concept of a structure and function for space. One of these functions was to provide for the creation of subatomic particles and thus of matter. This creativity is achieved from an origin in a non-observable world where the equations have no terms for distance or time. The demonstration of the insignificance of distance in the experiments reported using both crystal and biological growth was used to infer that events in this growth process were similarly preceeded by events in the non-observable world. The implications of such an origin for growth and new growth are discussed.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1989

On the nature of growth and new growth based on experiments designed to reveal a structure and function for laboratory space. Part III. Vorticeal behaviour. Dielectrics and matter responsiveness to fields. The primacy of pressure.

This final paper in a series of three continues the discussion on experiments reported in the first which suggested a structure and function for laboratory space. The discussion is grouped under three heads. First a continuation of the discussion of vorticeal properties emphasises the ubiquity of non-observable vorticeal streets (filaments) at site of growth be this biological or hydrodynamic. Vorticeal patterns in pairs of streets can lead to stable or unstable behaviour. Stability of the pattern may underlie that filament subtending new growth in contrast to the instability leading to differentiation in growth manifest from unstable filaments. Rational treatment of the former would suggest exhibition of instability and this may underlie regimes as disparate as Lakhovsky's non-linear oscillators, Coley's bacterial digests and interferon used for cancer therapy. Secondly, study of dielectric properties of biomatter could be used to support the generalisation reached from vorticeal behaviour that the most ordered matter (high permittivity) is associated with growth and embryonic properties and the least ordered with differentiation and maturity. Finally those experiments are referred which showed a concurrence of atmospheric pressure and electrical effects at the remote site during action at a distance. Reasons making use of quantum field theory tenets are advanced for viewing pressure as a primary and the electrical effects as a secondary response to pressure in the non observable world.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Indirect calorimetry evaluation of dietary protein and animal fat effects on energy utilization of laying hens.

A multichamber indirect calorimeter was constructed and used to measure energy utilization of laying hens. Four basic diets were formulated by a least cost linear program for use in this study. The first diet was formulated to meet the 1984 National Research Council (NRC) recommendations and contained by analysis 14.5% protein, .58% TSAA, and .68% lysine (designated NRC). The second diet (NRCAA) was formulated to the same amino acid specifications without a protein restriction and contained 12.9% protein, .57% TSAA, and .69% lysine. Another pair of diets was formulated with higher protein (HP) and amino acid restrictions. The HP diet contained 16% protein, .67% TSAA, and .85% lysine; whereas the HPAA diet had 14% protein, .68% TSAA, and .86% lysine. Four additional diets were formulated with the inclusion of 3% animal fat, using the same protein and amino acid restrictions as were used to formulate the first four diets. Animal fat supplementation significantly (P less than .05) improved energy balance (retention) of birds fed all formulations compared with the diets without added fat. Formulation of a diet based on amino acid restrictions significantly increased net energetic efficiency of birds fed amino acid levels higher than those recommended by the NRC (79.2 for HPAA vs. 62.1% for HP), but did not significantly affect net efficiency of birds fed the lower amino acid levels (NRC and NRCAA).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Intestinal disaccharidases of young turkeys: temporal development and influence of diet composition.

An experiment was done to determine maltase, sucrase, isomaltase, and trehalase activities in mucosa of different segments of small intestines of young turkeys as influenced by age and diet. Two-day-old poults were fed diets containing no added fat [44.6% starch, 2.2% ether extract by weight (HC)], 10% tallow (T), or 10% corn oil [(CO) 29.0% starch, 10.9% ether extract]. Diets HC, T, and CO were calculated to contain 2,705, 3,083, and 3,196 kcal ME/kg, respectively, and constant protein, TSAA, and lysine:ME ratios were maintained. Appreciable maltase and isomaltase specific activities (micromoles of substrate hydrolyzed per milligram protein per hour) were observed in 2-day-old poults, and activities of these enzymes increased in poults fed the HC diet through 7 and 14 days, respectively. At 2 days, specific activity of sucrase was low, and trehalase activity was not detected. Sucrase activity increased steadily through 28 days of age in poults fed the HC diet. Trehalase activity was detected at 7 days of age and reached a maximum by Day 21 after hatch. By Day 28, trehalase activity had disappeared from all segments except for the proximal jejunum. In 28-day-old poults fed the HC diet, specific activities of all disaccharidases were greatest in the jejunal segments; i.e., 21, 1.06, 7.24, and .034 mumol/mg protein/h for maltase, sucrase, isomaltase, and trehalase, respectively, in the proximal jejunum. Poults fed the T or CO diets had significantly lower disaccharidase activities than did those fed the HC diet, beginning at 7 days of age. Changes in specific activities of disaccharidases as related to age or diet or both were not always parallel, suggesting that each enzyme may be regulated by or affected by diet in a partly independent way.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Animal fat effects on nutrient utilization.

Laying hens were employed to study the effects of carrier on the true metabolizable energy (TME) of tallow using corn, milo, soybean meal, wheat bran, and dehydrated alfalfa meal with tallow at 0, 2, 4, or 6%. In addition to bomb calorimetry measurements on feed and excreta samples, tallow TME values were calculated from absorbability data. Estimates of TME for tallow varied with carrier feedstuff from 7.19 kcal/g in soybean meal to 13.62 kcal/g when wheat bran was fed. For the corn, milo, and soybean meal series only fat retentions were significantly affected by tallow supplementation. Calculated tallow absorbabilities were 101.8% with corn, 95.8% with milo, and 107.3% with soybean meal. Highest tallow TME values were obtained with wheat bran and dehydrated alfalfa meal, apparently due to increase protein retention from wheat bran and to both improved protein retention and starch absorption with dehydrated alfalfa meal.

Animal Feed↗