Increased blood ethanol levels following cimetidine but not ranitidine.
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Cimetidine↗
Biomedical subjects
B Kommerell
Publications and source records attributed to B Kommerell.
[Gastroenterologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of precancerous conditions].
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Adolescent↗
Influence of a continuous intragastric and intravenous infusion of somatostatin on stimulated gastric secretion.
Our study demonstrated that somatostatin given i.v. in a dose of 250 micrograms/kg per hour significantly inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion, whereas continuous intragastric administration of somatostatin (up to 3 mg/h) failed to do so. We concluded, therefore, that luminally secreted somatostatin plays only a minor role in the regulation of gastric secretion.
Administration, Oral↗
Colonic cyclic AMP metabolism following chronic ethanol consumption in the rat: effect of hormonal secretagogues.
The colonic cyclic AMP system is known to be involved in intestinal secretion and can be stimulated by a variety of gastrointestinal hormones including prostaglandins. We have investigated the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the activity of the key enzymes in cyclic AMP metabolism--adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase--in the colonic mucosa of the rat. Chronic ethanol consumption by feeding a nutritionally adequate liquid diet enhanced basal colonic adenylate cyclase activity significantly by 168% (p less than 0.01), but had no effect on colonic low Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity. In addition, various hormonal secretagogues were used to stimulate colonic adenylate cyclase. Colonic adenylate cyclase exhibited a significantly greater sensitivity and efficacy to prostaglandins and vasoactive intestinal peptide after chronic ethanol ingestion. Since increased intestinal cyclic AMP production due to an increased activity of intestinal adenylate cyclase is known to promote intestinal secretion of water and electrolytes, the frequently observed diarrhea in alcoholics may be explained at least in part by an enhanced production of colonic cyclic AMP.
3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
Beneficial effect of somatostatin on galactosamine induced liver injury.
The purpose of our investigation was to study the effect of somatostatin on acute experimental liver injury induced in rats by galactosamine (1.2 g/100 g body wt.). Somatostatin (125 micrograms/100 g body wt.) was administered subcutaneously in a protamine sulphate/ZnCl2 suspension either 2 h prior to the injection of galactosamine or 2 h and again 12 h following the injection. Serum transaminases (GOT, GPT) and serum concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine were determined 28 h after the injection of galactosamine. Histology of the liver was performed by light microscopy. Our results showed that the administration of somatostatin significantly (P less than 0.02) reduced the elevation of GOT and GPT activity and diminished the degree of necrosis, and that although the administration of dibutyryl-cAMP (5 mg/100 g body wt.) intensified galactosamine induced liver injury, this effect of dibutyryl-cAMP could be completely prevented by somatostatin treatment. There was no difference in the serum concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in controls as compared to galactosamine and galactosamine plus somatostatin treated rats. At present the mechanism of this cytoprotection by somatostatin is unknown.
Alanine Transaminase↗
Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the cyclic AMP system of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the rat.
Chronic ethanol consumption significantly increases gastric adenylate cyclase (AC) activity (p less than 0.05) without influencing low Km 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase (PD) activity in the rat. On the other hand, in the duodenum and upper part of the jejunum, chronic ethanol feeding leads to a significant decrease of adenylate cyclase activity (p less than 0.02) and, again, does not affect low Km cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. In addition, the effect of various hormonal secretagoques on small intestinal adenylate cyclase activity was investigated. Prostaglandin I2 and D2, as well as glucagon, do not stimulate AC at all. However, small intestinal adenylate cyclase exhibits a lower sensitivity to prostaglandin E2 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and a lower efficacy to VIP after chronic ethanol consumption when compared to controls. The decrease of both basal and stimulated AC activity following ethanol ingestion in the upper small intestine may be due to membrane alterations and tissue damage caused by ethanol. The ethanol-induced increase in gastric AC may be of relevance with respect to an increased acid secretion observed after alcohol administration.
3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
Hepatic secretion of bilirubin and biliary lipids in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver.
In patients with cirrhosis of the liver elevated bilirubin concentrations in the plasma could be the result of decreased bilirubin excretion or an overproduction of bilirubin with insufficient excretion of the increased amounts of bilirubin. Under steady state conditions with constant serum bilirubin concentrations bilirubin synthesis equals biliary and urinary bilirubin excretion. In the present study in 10 healthy volunteers and 11 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver and serum bilirubin concentrations of 7.0 +/- 1.9 mg/dl the biliary excretion of bilirubin was studied by the intestinal perfusion method and compared with the excretion of bile lipids. Biliary excretion of bilirubin in the cirrhotics was 38.7 +/- 8.8 mumol/h, the 10 healthy controls excreted 17.9 +/- 0.9 mumol/h bilirubin. Only minor amounts of bilirubin were excreted in urine. In 4 of the 11 cirrhotics 51Cr-red blood cell half-lives were studied revealing ongoing hemolysis. Bilirubin production calculated from red cell life span was identical to biliary excretion of bilirubin with an error less than 5%. The data indicate that in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver serum concentrations of bilirubin may be elevated due to overproduction of bilirubin and a concomitant decrease of the biliary transport capacity of bilirubin.
Adult↗
Non-A, non-B hepatitis in hemodialysis.
Episodes of presumable non-A, non-B hepatitis were determined among hemodialysis patients during a two year period as well as possible secondary infections in household contacts. We determined hepatitis A and B markers by commercial RIA kits, and IgM-anti-CMV and IgM-anti-EBV by ELISA techniques. 154 dialysis patients, 118 relatives of patients, and 42 members of the staff were included in the study. 71% of the center dialysis patients, 63% of the home dialysis patients, 50% of the staff, and 19% of the relatives were HBV marker positive. Spouses of patients more often had HBV markers than other relatives. Anti-HAV was highly prevalent both in center patients (98.8%) and in home dialysis patients (83.3%). The incidence of IgM-anti-CMV was marked in home dialysis patients (15.5%). During a two year period, 9% of all dialysis patients had an episode of presumable non-A, non-B hepatitis. As compared to previous data in the same dialysis centers, there is a change in the epidemiology of hepatitis.
Adult↗
Branched-chain amino acid-enriched elemental diet in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. A double blind crossover trial.
In 14 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and portal-systemic shunts the effect of a branched-chain amino acid-enriched elemental diet on portal systemic encephalopathy, routine laboratory parameters and plasma amino acids was investigated. In addition to the standard therapy including protein restriction (40 g/day) the patients received 44 g of an amino acid-protein mixture containing 30% of branched-chain amino acids and placebo over 3 months in a crossover regimen. Plasma valine and leucine increased significantly, whereas all other amino acids, including the ratio (formula: see text), remained unchanged. The electroencephalogram, number connection test, clinical state and laboratory parameters were not influenced by therapy with branched-chain amino acids. Thus, orally administered branched-chain amino acids probably have no influence on hepatic encephalopathy but are an adequate source of nitrogen in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
Adult↗
Biliary excretion of procollagen type III peptide in healthy humans and in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver.
Serum concentrations of procollagen type III peptide are found to be elevated in liver disease and to correlate with fibrosis activity in liver tissue. These elevated serum levels may be due to enhanced synthesis, decreased excretion, or release from deposits of the propeptide in connective tissue. To quantitatively investigate the excretion of procollagen type III peptide, we studied its presence in the bile and urine of 10 healthy controls and 11 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. Biliary excretion rates of procollagen propeptide were determined by the duodenal perfusion method. The serum concentrations of procollagen type III peptide were 2.5 +/- 0.5 ng/ml in the healthy controls and 33.6 +/- 6.8 ng/ml in the patients with cirrhosis. Procollagen type III peptide was found in the bile; the healthy controls excreted 0.4 +/- 0.07 nmol/h and the cirrhotics excreted 0.98 +/- 0.27 nmol/h. A fragment of the procollagen propeptide, Col 1, was excreted in urine; the healthy controls excreted 0.25 +/- 0.04 nmol/h, and the cirrhotics excreted 0.11 +/- 0.03 nmol/h. These data demonstrate that the biliary excretion of procollagen type III peptide represents a quantitatively important pathway.
Bile↗
Follow-up of needlesticks in medical staff.
In an on-going study, 104 events of needlestick or contamination of apparent skin lesions were evaluated for the risk of hepatitis. Whenever possible, a blood sample of the 'donor' was screened for HBsAg as well as for elevated transaminases. Members of the staff were bled immediately after exposure and were followed up for 9 months. At present the follow-up is completed in twenty probands. - Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (= HBIG) was given in 51 cases. HBsAg was detected in 21 donors and strongly supposed in 27 cases. Only one nurse developed acute hepatitis B ten months after exposure to HBsAg-positive blood. 53 probands were exposed to HBsAg-negative blood. 32 persons received SIG. Only 5 'donors' were classified as probable Non-A, Non-B hepatitis which did not induce apparent infections in passively immunized persons. 23 persons did receive neither HBIG nor SIG. 2 persons had been exposed to HBsAg-positive blood by needlestick, still being without seroconversion. Passive immunization after needlestick should be performed after testing blood samples of donors and recipient. After exposure to non-A, non-B hepatitis, secondary infections did not appear in passively immunized persons.
Female↗
Hepatitis markers in a psychiatric institution.
Hepatitis A and B markers were determined in 714 patients and in 291 members of the staff of a psychiatric institution for adults. The leading diagnosis were psychosis (71.8%), neurosis (17.7%), and oligophrenia (10.6%). Anti-HAV was found in 84.4% of the patients and in 69.2% of the staff. 26.8% of the patients and 19.9% of the staff had at least one HBV marker. The frequency of HBV markers correlated with the age of the patients but not with the duration of the hospitalization. After the exclusion of IgM-anti-HAV, IgM-anti-CMV and IgM-anti-EBV or possible toxic effects, 2.6% of all patients remained as presumable non-A, non-B hepatitis infections. In this study HBV markers were not found in an hyperendemic pattern reported previously in psychiatric institutions.
Adult↗
Changes in gastrointestinal DNA synthesis produced by acute and chronic ethanol consumption in the rat: a biochemical study.
The effect of acute and chronic ethanol administration on DNA synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat was investigated. Acute intragastric ethanol administration (3 g/kg; 50%) decreased significantly in vivo DNA synthesis when measured 1 hour after alcohol application in the stomach and in the upper small intestine, whereas acute intravenous ethanol administration had no significant effect. In contrast, chronic ethanol ingestion resulted in a significant increase of in vivo and in vitro DNA synthesis in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In addition, even a more enhanced stimulation of DNA synthesis after chronic ethanol consumption was found in isolated intestinal cells. These results indicate an inhibition of gastrointestinal cell regeneration directly after the oral application of ethanol. The enhanced cellular regenerativity observed after chronic ethanol consumption may be secondary to the ethanol induced damage of the gastrointestinal tract.
Animals↗
Microsomal ethanol oxidation in the colonic mucosa of the rat. Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion.
A microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is present in the colonic mucosa of the rat. This MEOS metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde at the physiological pH of 7.4. Alcohol dehydrogenase or catalase are not involved in the reaction. The Michaelis Menten constant of the reaction is 13.7 +/- 0.3 mM and the maximal velocity is 219 +/- 30 pmoles acetaldehyde/mg microsomal protein X min. Bacterial ethanol metabolism does not contribute to the acetaldehyde production in the colonic MEOS. Chronic ethanol consumption has no effect on colonic MEOS activity. In addition, chronic ethanol ingestion does not affect colonic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome-c-reductase nor benzo(a) pyrene hydroxylase activity.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
Stimulation of thymidine incorporation in isolated rat intestinal mucosal cells by feeding an ethanol-containing liquid diet.
The effect of chronic ethanol administration on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of isolated intestinal cells in the rat was investigated. Chronic ethanol consumption increased significantly DNA synthesis in intestinal mucosal cells. Whether this enhancement of DNA synthesis as a measure for cellular regeneration is due to the local effect of ethanol via tissue injury, to a direct stimulatory effect of ethanol on enzyme activities involved in DNA metabolism or to a change in the intestinal cell population with a shift to immature crypt cells by ethanol is not known.
Animals↗
Oral keto analogs of branched-chain amino acids in hyperammonemia in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. A double-blind crossover study.
Previous uncontrolled studies indicated a positive effect of keto analogs of amino acids on plasma ammonia in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and on portal-systemic encephalopathy. In the present double-blind study the influence of keto analogs of the branched chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine on plasma ammonia and encephalopathy was investigated in 12 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and surgical portal systemic shunts. In addition to the usual therapy with lactulose and protein restriction (40 g protein/day) all patients received 15.24 g keto analogs and placebo orally over 4 weeks in a crossover regimen. In contrast to uncontrolled studies, plasma ammonia, which was elevated in all patients before the beginning of the study, was not significantly changed. In addition plasma amino acids, electroencephalogram, number connection test, clinical state and laboratory tests were not influenced by the therapy with keto analogs.
Administration, Oral↗
Hepatitis A and B markers and presumable non-A, non-B hepatitis in a psychiatric institution.
The frequencies of hepatitis A and hepatitis B markers were determined in 291 members of the staff and 714 patients of a psychiatric institution for adults. 71.8% of the patients suffered from psychosis, 17.7% from neurosis, and 10.6% from oligophrenia. 84.4% of the patients and 69.2% of the staff were anti-HAV-positive. - 26.8% of the patients and 19.9% of the staff showed at least one HBV marker. The frequency of anti-HBc increased with age but not with hospitalization. Anti-HBc-positive persons did not show transaminase abnormalities more often as reported previously. - 2.6% of the patients were presumable Non-A, Non-B hepatitis cases after excluding IgM-anti-HAV, IgM-anti-CMV or -EBV and possible toxic effects. The rate of presumable Non-A, Non-B hepatitis equaled the frequency of HBsAg-positive persons.
Adult↗
Presumable non-A, non-B hepatitis in hemodialysis.
Hepatitis A and B markers, IgM-anti-CMV and -EBV were determined in 154 dialysis patients, 118 relatives of patients and 42 members of the staff. Episodes of elevated transaminases were investigated for presumable non-A, non-B hepatitis as well as secondary infections among relatives. --The cumulative frequency of HBV markers was 71% in center dialysis patients, 63% in home dialysis patients, 50% in staff and 19% in relatives. The frequency of HBV markers increased with duration of dialysis treatment and with the number of blood units transfused. Spouses of dialysis patients had more often HBV markers than other relatives (22% vs. 8.8%). 96.8% of the center dialysis patients, 83.3% of home-dialysis patients, 41% of the staff, and 42% of the relatives were anti-HAV-positive. The incidence of IgM-anti-CMV was highest in home-dialysis patients (15.5%). The frequency of IgM-anti-EBV was 4.3% in center-dialysis patients and 12.7% in home-dialysis patients. --9% of all dialysis patients had an episode of elevated transaminases compatible with non-A, non-B hepatitis. The possible secondary attack rate among relatives was 31%.
Antibodies, Viral↗