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Biomedical subjects

A Stanley

Publications and source records attributed to A Stanley.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The effects of deinstitutionalization on adults with learning disabilities.

We compared a group of people with learning disabilities who have been deinstitutionalized with a control group remaining in an institution on measures of adaptive and maladaptive behaviour, community living skills, social skills, and quality of life. In general, there was no change over 30 months for the control group. Changes for the experimental group were either not seen or were generally modest in scale, and tended to occur within 6 months of moving, the measures staying relatively stable thereafter. Implications for detailed examination of the effects of deinstitutionalization were discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Dentistry--the dependence upon medicine and surgery for its professional status.

As a profession, dentistry was set on its course in 1858. We are still living with the consequences of the 1858 Medical Act, which placed dentists under the authority of the general surgeons. Our history is more complex than just evolution from the barber surgeon. This essay traces the development of the profession of dentistry and makes a comment about its future autonomy.

History of Dentistry↗
PubMed1994

A phase I/II trial of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the intensification of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer.

A pilot study was undertaken in eight patients to assess the feasibility of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rH GM-CSF) support to intensify standard chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer using a shortened 15 day treatment interval. Only four patients completed the course of six cycles of cisplatin 75 mg m-2 and cyclophosphamide 750 mg m-2 with rH GM-CSF, 3-5 micrograms kg-1 day-1, days 3-14, but one of these suffered a toxic death on study. Another died of disease progression. There were two episodes of life-threatening infection (WHO grade 4), and three patients were withdrawn because of various rH GM-CSF-related problems. Although potentially affording some patients the hypothetical benefits of dose intensification, as well as the possible attraction of a shorter duration of chemotherapy, this regimen is not without problems.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

Anabolic steroids--the drugs that give and take away manhood. A case with an unusual physical sign.

A case is presented in which the abuse of anabolic steroids by a body builder led to an unusual physical sign. The case discusses the effects that anabolic steroid abuse can have upon manhood. The frequency of anabolic steroid misuse is increasing. The implications of this with respect to psychiatric illness and violent crime are discussed. It is well known that the use of anabolic steroids among young men, body builders in particular, is growing apace (Perry and Littlepage, 1992), and they may be aware of the risks of impurity and contamination. There is a wide range of anabolic steroids in use; they are often used in doses of greater than 1 mg/kg per day. As well as single use, the misuser may 'stack' (use more than one at a time) or 'pyramid' (use increasing doses of a given drug) the steroids (Kennedy, 1990). The physical and psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids are well known (Kashkin and Kleber, 1989; Brower, 1992; Pope and Katz, 1988). However, we describe a case with psychiatric symptoms, a violent outburst and a unique (?) physical sign.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Ultrastructural changes in the Leydig cell on treatment with vincristine.

The effect of vincristine (VCR), an anticancer drug which brings about mitotic arrest by disturbing the microtubules of the spindle fibres, on the Leydig cells was investigated adopting ultrastructural and RIA of hormone techniques. The Leydig cells of VCR treated rats were necrotic and oedematous with severe damage caused to the steroidogenic machinery, viz the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Such damage was duly reflected in the serum levels of hormones, wherein the androgen level was decreased with compensatory hypersecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The results strongly implicate VCR in Leydig cell toxicity, and explain the problems in the reproductive performance faced by cancer patients receiving VCR as one of the drugs, both during treatment and after remission.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Reproductive toxicity of vincristine in male rats.

Gross morphological and gravimetric changes were observed in the male reproductive system of sexually mature rats as well as rats in pubertal transition, given a continuous treatment of vincristine at dose levels of 10/20 and 5/10 micrograms respectively per day, for 15 days. The treatment resulted in a drastic regression of entire male reproductive system, suggesting that vincristine would cause male reproductive toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Secretion of 72 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase by cultured human lipocytes. Analysis of gene expression, protein synthesis and proteinase activity.

The matrix metalloproteinases play an important role in matrix degradation, but there is limited information about this family of enzymes in either normal or diseased human liver. In this study, we have examined the synthesis of a 72 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase by human hepatic lipocytes in primary culture. Hepatic lipocytes were isolated from wedges of normal human donor liver by Pronase/collagenase perfusion, purified by density-gradient centrifugation, and established in primary culture on uncoated plastic. By Northern-blot analysis, the total RNA extracted from cultured human lipocytes was found to contain 3.4 kb mRNA for the 72 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase. Low levels of expression of this mRNA were observed in freshly isolated lipocytes but expression increased with the duration of lipocyte culture. Using anti-human 72 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase IgG, synthesized enzyme was immunolocalized to monensin-treated human lipocyte cultures. De novo synthesis and secretion of 72 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase were confirmed by immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled enzyme from medium obtained from [35S]methionine-treated cells. Activity of the secreted enzyme was demonstrated by gelatin-zymography and by degradation of soluble, radiolabelled [14C]gelatin. The enzyme was released both in active and latent pro-enzyme forms and its inhibition profile was that of a metalloproteinase. These studies indicate that cultured human hepatic lipocytes express the gene for the 72 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase, and secrete this enzyme, particularly in prolonged primary culture. As this enzyme exhibits degradative activity against basement membrane collagen, its release by activated hepatic lipocytes in the space of Disse could lead to disruption of the normal subendothelial liver matrix. It is suggested that this enzyme may have an important role in human liver injury and fibrosis.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Percival Tookey Leigh. A little-known dental pioneer.

Generations of Leeds students have competed for the Percy Leigh Prize. The life of this energetic and pioneering dentist and local politician deserves to be recorded. Percy Leigh personifies a tradition of public service which for him began at the end of Victoria's reign, and reached its zenith during the inter-war years.

England↗
PubMed1992

Single agent high-dose cisplatin (200 mg m-2) treatment in ovarian carcinoma.

Twenty patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma were treated with high-dose cisplatin 200mg m-2. Patients were to receive three cycles at 21 day intervals. Treatment was stopped if severe myelosuppression or any neurotoxicity occurred. Overall, eight (40%) of patients responded with a complete response in five (25%). Four of 16 (25%) previously treated patients responded. The median duration of response was 44 weeks (range 6-130). In patients previously treated there was a significant association (P < 0.002) between response and a remission free interval of 52 weeks or more from primary chemotherapy. Toxicity was assessable in 18 patients. Alopecia and nausea/vomiting were common. Myelosuppression was recorded in nine patients delaying planned administration in eight of 35 cycles. Five patients developed anaemia and six thrombocytopenia. Neurotoxicity affected seven patients and varying degrees of tinnitus six patients. Neurotoxicity and myelosuppression were indications for cessation of treatment in 8 patients receiving less than three cycles. Analysis revealed no significant association between toxicity and prior cisplatin exposure, age or the amount of high-dose cisplatin administered. This series reveals that it is possible to achieve good response rates using high-dose cisplatin without encountering debilitating neurotoxicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Superoxide dismutase conjugated to polyethylene glycol fails to limit myocardial infarct size after 30 min ischemia followed by 72 h of reperfusion in the rabbit.

We tested whether recombinant human superoxide dismutase conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG-SOD) to prolong its plasma retention time could limit myocardial infarct size in an ischemia-reperfusion model in the rabbit. One group of animals received 1000 units/kg of PEG-SOD as an intravenous bolus 15 min before coronary occlusion. A second group received saline only and served as controls. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, a left coronary branch was occluded for 30 min and then reperfused. The surgical wounds were repaired and the animals were allowed to recover. Seventy-two hours after the coronary occlusion, the heart was excised and the size of the area at risk (ischemic vascular bed) was assessed with fluorescent particles and the infarct size was determined by histology (Hematoxylin-eosin, Azan stain). Infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk was similar between the groups, 46.5 + 2.7 in the PEG-SOD group (n = 8) and 48.9 + 3.1 in the control group (n = 8). There were no significant differences between the groups indicating that PEG-SOD did not limit infarct size in this model.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Detection of human immunodeficiency virus DNA using the polymerase chain reaction in a well-characterized group of homosexual and bisexual men.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA was performed on specimens from 197 homosexual and bisexual men enrolled in studies of HIV-1 infection. Thirty cycles of amplification were conducted, followed by detection with probes corresponding to two gag primer pairs (SK 38/39 and SK 101/145). Of 107 men who were HIV-1 antibody-negative, 105 (98%) were PCR-negative. Two who were initially PCR-positive antibody-negative were PCR- and antibody-negative on repeat testing of both the same specimen and specimens drawn 8-10 months later; this suggests that the first PCR results were false-positive. Of 90 men who were antibody-positive, PCR was positive in 87 (97%), including all 13 with AIDS, all 22 with AIDS-related conditions, all 11 with generalized lymphadenopathy only, and 41 (93%) of 44 without signs or symptoms of HIV-1 infection. On repeat testing, all 3 PCR-negative, antibody-positive men were PCR-positive. In this population and with this technique, PCR had excellent agreement with the HIV-1 antibody test.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Effect of phenoxyethanol, chlorhexidine and their combination on subgingival plaque bacteria.

The effects of phenoxyethanol, chlorhexidine and a mixture of both on subgingival plaque samples from 44 patients with chronic periodontitis were investigated in vitro. At a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, chlorhexidine inhibited the growth of all cultivable bacteria in all 44 samples while a comparable effect was achieved with phenoxyethanol only at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. All cultivable bacteria in the samples were inhibited by a mixture of the two agents containing 5 mg/ml of phenoxyethanol and 0.125 mg/ml of chlorhexidine i.e. considerably lower concentrations than when the agents were used separately. Kill times for 99.9% of bacteria in 19 of the plaque samples were less than 15 min using a chlorhexidine concentration of 0.125 mg/ml, but were from 24 to greater than 240 min with 10 mg/ml phenoxyethanol. A mixture of the two agents at these concentrations was more effective than either agent alone with 99.9% kill times of less than 10 min. This investigation has shown that the addition of phenoxyethanol to chlorhexidine results in a mixture which is effective against bacteria found in subgingival plaque samples from patients with chronic periodontitis. It also implies that formulations with lower concentrations of chlorhexidine than those currently in use may be effective as adjuncts in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Susceptibility of oral bacteria to phenoxyethanol and phenoxyethanol/chlorhexidine combinations.

A total of 57 bacterial strains (26 different species) which may be isolated from subgingival plaque were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to phenoxycthanol, a commonly-used antiseptic and preservative. Ninety-five percent of the strains, including those associated with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, were susceptible to concentrations of phenoxyethanol used topically (2% w/v). Phenoxyethanol at a concentration of 1% (w/v) was also found that to have a rapid bactericidal effect achieving a 99.9% kill in 5 minutes or less for species such as Bacterodides gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Eikenella corrodens, and Wolinella recta. Addition of chlorhexidine to phenoxyethanol resulted in a mixture with increased antibacterial activity. For most bacterial strains, the presence of chlorhexidine resulted in at least a four-fold decrease in the concentration of pheoxyethanol required for inhibition of growth. These results imply that phenoxyethanol may be useful in the treatment of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease either by itself or in combination with chlorhexidine.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1989

The in vitro effects of chlorhexidine on subgingival plaque bacteria.

The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility to chlorhexidine of a range of bacteria which may be isolated from subgingival plaque. In addition, the effect of chlorhexidine on the survival of bacteria in subgingival plaque samples from patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease was investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chlorhexidine for 52 strains of bacteria ranged from 8 to 500 micrograms/ml. The modal value of the MIC was found to be 62 micrograms/ml, 64% of the strains tested being inhibited at this concentration. A concentration of 250 micrograms/ml of chlorhexidine inhibited the growth of all bacteria in the 25 subgingival plaque samples investigated. The MIC of chlorhexidine for the samples ranged from 31 to 250 micrograms/ml, the modal value being 125 micrograms/ml.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Pre-operative prophylactic transvenous cardiac pacing for bifascicular heart block.

Some authorities consider that the combination of right bundle-branch block with left axis deviation (bifascicular block) is not an indication for prophylactic insertion of a pacing generator in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Five patients who developed peri-operative progression of bifascicular block to complete heart block are described. Bifascicular block, together with any other cardiovascular condition, advanced age or surgery in regions that promote vagal stimulation, merit consideration for prophylactic pacing. A cardiological opinion is an essential aspect of the pre-operative preparation of patients with this abnormality.

Aged↗