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Biomedical subjects

A Scott

Publications and source records attributed to A Scott.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Regional differences in obsessionality and obsessional neurosis.

The Leyton Obsessional Inventory was administered to 69 orthopaedic patients in Glasgow, and their responses were compared with those of 77 similar subjects in London and 73 in Cork. The responses of the Scots and the English did not differ, but both of these groups were significantly less obsessional than the Irish subjects, who were particularly likely to regard cleanliness and tidiness as virtues in themselves. Obsessionality was unrelated to age, sex, social class, family size and birth order, but higher Leyton scores were found among bachelors, and among women living in the country and without outside employment. It is suggested that the common factor among these 3 subgroups is emotional or geographic isolation, and that this may enhance any tendency to obsessional ruminations and routines. This could also account for the higher Leyton scores and greater incidence of obsessional neurosis in the Irish.

Compulsive Behavior↗
PubMed1982

Growth in the first year of life: effects of sex and weight for gestational age at birth.

Fifty-five small-for-dates (SFD), 56 average-for-dates (AFD) and 55 large-for-dates (LFD) babies were weighed and measured at regular intervals from birth to 12 months. Within the SFD and AFD groups weight gain was greater for boys than for girls so that by one year there were highly significant differences between the two sexes. Within the LFD group the sex difference was slight at all ages. Gain in length was similar to that for weight within each group; but head circumference showed a different pattern. Absolute increase in head circumference respectively for boys and girls between birth and one year was greatest in the SFD group and least in the LFD group. Within all three groups it was greater for boys than girls. By the age of six months AFD boys had larger heads than LFD girls and SFD boys had larger heads than AFD girls. At 12 months the head-circumference values for LFD girls and SFD boys did not significantly differ.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1982

Smoking during pregnancy. Its association with other maternal factors and birthweight.

Data on 293 small-for-dates (SFD), 274 average-for-dates (AFD) and 338 large-for-dates (LFD) pregnancies are analyzed. 60.7% mothers in the SFD group smoked compared with AFD 29.2% and LFD 15.7%. Mean maternal height, weight and weight gain was lowest in the SFD group and highest in the LFD group. The mean weight-for-height index was the same in the SFD and AFD groups and higher in the LFD group. Within each group no differences were found between smokers and non-smokers for height, weight and weight-for-height indices. In the AFD group net pregnancy weight gain was higher for smokers than non-smokers. Feto-placental ratios were similar in all three groups and no differences were found between smokers and non-smokers. More infarcted placentas were found in the SFD group, but the proportions for smokers and non-smokers were alike. The incidence of bleeding during pregnancy and pre-eclampsia was the same for all groups, and between smokers and non-smokers. Hypertension during pregnancy occurred more often in the SFD group, and was more prevalent amongst non-smokers than smokers. The reduction in birthweight of infants born to smoking mothers appear to be a direct effect.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1981

The relative contributions of different maternal factors in small-for-gestational-age pregnancies.

Relative and attributable risks were calculated to assess the potency of different maternal factors associated with intrauterine growth retardation in individual pregnancies and in the population as a whole. In multiparous women the most important factor for the total population was the slow fetal growth rate demonstrated in previous pregnancies. Moderate or severe preeclampsia gave a higher individual risk, but because of its low prevalence the contribution to small-for-gestational-age (SGA) pregnancies as a whole was low. Smoking and hypertension without preeclampsia each trebled the individual risk, and made a substantial contribution to the overall population of SGA babies. Other less potent factors were low maternal height, weight, and weight gain in pregnancy. When adjustment had been made for maternal size, smoking, pathological factors, and siblings' birthweight, the effect of social class became insignificant. The remaining "causes' of SGA pregnancies are likely to be single factors of large effect such as major congenital abnormalities and uterine abnormalities. If the pathological factors of smoking, hypertension and preeclampsia could be prevented, the number of SGA pregnancies in this population would be reduced by about 50%.

Female↗
PubMed1981

Proportionality and gender in small-for-dates and large-for-dates babies.

The head-for-weight indices of 420 small-for-dates (SFD), 338 average-for-dates (AFD) and 445 large-for-dates (LFD) babies were calculated. The mean values were highest in the SFD group and lowest in the LFD group. Significant differences were found between AFD and LFD groups for girls and both sexes together. Within each group the mean value for boys was significantly higher than for girls. The absolute difference between the sexes was about twice the difference between the SFD and LFD groups. In the SFD group no associations could be found between their proportionality by this measure, and the factors associated with their slow intra-uterine growth rate. 60.8% multiparae in the LFD group had previously given birth to relatively large babies. The mean index of the probands in this subgroup was higher than when previous siblings had been of average birth-weight. In all three groups the mean index was higher for babies delivered instrumentally than for those who had spontaneous vaginal deliveries. No differences were found for other perinatal risk factors.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1980

A comparison of ration and regression methods for assessing the proportionality of newborn babies.

Index and regression methods of selecting babies whose heads are out of proportion to their body weight are examined and compared. The ratios head circumference3/birthweight and head circumference3/birthweightP (where P is a power found by regression methods) are used, and the regression of head circumference 3 on birthweight is calculated. The problems associated with all three methods are discussed, and the power index is found to be the most satisfactory method.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1980

Effect of p15-associated protease from an avian RNA tumor virus on avian virus-specific polyprotein precursors.

A proteolytic activity is associated with structural protein p15 in avian RNA tumor viruses. Its effect on the known intracellular viral polyprotein precursors obtained by immunoprecipitation was investigated. Cleavage of Pr76gag resulted in the sequential appearance of p15, p27, and p19. The intracellular precursor Pr180gag-pol was also cleaved by p15, whereas the intracellular glycoprotein precursors of avian RNA tumor viruses, Pr92env, remained unaffected by p15 under all conditions tested. The specificities of the antibodies used to precipitate the precursors influenced the pattern of intermediates and cleavage products obtained by p15 treatment. If virus harvested from the the Prague strain of Rous sarcoma virus, subgroup C-transformed cells at 15-min intervals was incubated at 37 degrees C for further maturation, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity showed an optimum of DNA synthesis with 70S viral RNA or synthetic template-primers after short incubation periods. The presence of additional p15 during incubation resulted in a shift of the enzyme activity peak toward earlier time points. Virus harvested at 3-h intervals contained significant amounts of Pr180gag-pol and Pr76gag. The addition of p15 resulted in the cleavage of Pr180gag-pol and Pr76gag, but only a few distinct low-molecular-weight polypeptides appeared. Treatment of purified RNA-dependent DNA polymerase with p15 in vitro resulted in a disappearance of the beta subunit and an enrichment of the alpha subunit. In addition, a polypeptide of 32 x 10(3) molecular weight was generated. The cleavage pattern observed differed from the one obtained by trypsin treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Delivery and development: to what extent can one associate cause and effect?

Data on 570 mothers and their children whose development was personally assessed from birth to four years were analysed. Strong associations were found between the incidence of fetal distress during labour, birth asphyxia, and delivery by emergency caesarean section. At the age of four years girls and children in the non-manual social classes were more advanced, developmentally, than boys and children in the manual classes. No associations were found between perinatal factors and total developmental scores; but highly significant differences were found between `at risk' pregnancy groups according to their method of developmental scores. In only one of seven handicapped children could the handicap possibly have been attributable to delivery factors. Case histories of two children illustrate the dangers and difficulties of associating cause and effect in individual patients.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1980

The nature of the oscillatory behaviour in electrical activity from pancreatic beta-cell.

The typical burst pattern of electrical activity recorded from beta-cells of mouse islets in the presence of 11.1 mM glucose has been compared from 225 cells in terms of two parameters: relative duration of the active phase and periodicity of the oscillations between active and silent phases. The two parameters show different distributions, Gaussian and bimodal respectively. Burst periodicity was found to increase dramatically at external potassium concentrations below 2mM, while the relative duration of the active phase was little affected at concentrations as low as 0.5 mM. Increasing external calcium concentration significantly increased the amplitude of the bursts but greatly decreased the relative duration of the active phase. Quinine, in the absence of glucose, induced depolarization and electrical activity and stimulated insulin release from perifused mouse islets; spike frequency and insulin release followed a monophasic pattern. A model has been proposed for the beta-cell explaining the experimental results in terms of a feedback mechanism between calcium permeability activated by depolarization of the cell membrane and potassium permeability activated by an increase in the concentration of intracellular ionized calcium [Ca2+]i. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that a [Ca2+]i-dependent potassium permeability, specifically blocked by quinine, controls membrane potential and insulin release.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1979

The isolation of avian viral RNA and polypeptides.

From the same batch of virus, the four major avian viral structural proteins p27, p19, p15, and p12, the reverse transcriptase, the envelope glycoprotein gp85, and the high molecular weight 70 S RNA have been recovered. All proteins, except for gp85, have been purified by use of column chromatography procedures to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and isoelectric focusing. A new isolation procedure for p12 by affinity column chromatography takes advantage of its nucleic acid binding properties. The recovery of nondenatured viral structural proteins is demonstrated by the proteolytic activity revealed by p15. The purified proteins were used for the production of monospecific antibodies. The 70 S RNA served as source for the isolation of 35 S RNA subunits.

Avian Leukosis Virus↗
PubMed1979

Laryngotracheal trauma: observations on its pathogenesis and its prevention following prolonged orotracheal intubation in the adult.

The authors have clinically examined the larynges of 117 patients who were successfully extubated in a Respiratory Care Unit, and have examined the larynges at autopsy from an additional 68 patients who failed to survive in the same Respiratory Care Unit. Based on these observations, our understanding of the pathogenesis of laryngotracheal trauma has allowed us to modify our clinical management in order to minimize such damage. Influence of this study on the management of patients is described.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Oxygen transport during dopamine infusion in dogs.

Catecholamines increase not only oxygen delivery to tissues but also oxygen consumption (VO2). The effect of an infusion of dopamine hydrochloride has been studied at two doses, each in six dogs. Dopamine 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1 caused an increase in haemoglobin concentration and altered cardiac output, oxygen availability and total body oxygen consumption such that oxygen availability ratio increased and (CaO2-CVO2) decreased although these changes were not statistically significant. Dopamine 30 micrograms kg-1 min-1 increased (P less than 0.05) heart rate, haemoglobin concentration and CaO2 and significantly reduced stroke volume and VD/VT. Although oxygen availability increased, increases in oxygen consumption were greater and this resulted in a statistically insignificant reduction in oxygen availability ratio and an increase in (CaO2-CVO2). Terminating the dopamine infusion resulted in significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in cardiac output, PVO2, CaO2), oxygen availability and oxygen consumption and an increase in (CaO2-CVO2). It was concluded that maximum oxygen delivery occurs at a lower dose than that required to produce the maximum increase in oxygen consumption.

Animals↗