This study presents the findings of a population-based study of severely educationally subnormal (ESN(S] and moderately educationally subnormal (ESN(M] school leavers in the borough of Trafford over a 4-year period. The ESN(S) school leavers attended adult training centres (ATCs), day centres or remained at home. Some later obtained part-time places at these centres. The numbers varied from year to year and the trends are examined. The numbers of ESN(S) pupils outside the borough were small and there were only 10 such leavers during the 4 years. Most of these (five) needed continuous inpatient care at the hospital attached to their residential school. Three of the 10 leavers were accommodated in a bungalow project in the borough. Almost half of the ESN(M) school leavers made use of government schemes to help youth unemployment. A large group progressed to further education, usually on the life skills course. The numbers entering open employment were small (23 out of 214) and of these the largest single number went into their families' businesses or worked in shops. The combined benefits of the special school, government youth training schemes and the courses of further education designed for the ESN(M) group are reflected in the small number of pupils who became unemployed after leaving school (13 out of 214). This proportion (6%) is less than the 8% total unemployed school leavers in the borough.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Postnatal expression of the serotonin transporter in auditory brainstem neurons.

To investigate the putative role of serotonin (5-HT) in auditory brainstem development, the expression of the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) was evaluated in the normal mouse brainstem at 6 different postnatal ages. The brains of C3H/HeJ mice at birth (P0) and P1, P8-P9, P13, P21-P22, P35-P36 and P48-P50 were collected and processed immunohistochemically with an antibody raised against the 5-HTT. 5-HTT immunoreactivity (5-HTT-IR) was first observed in P8 mice and was localized to cell bodies in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and principal nuclei of the superior olivary complex, including the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. Labeled neurons were found in similar regions in older mice except at P48-50, where labeled neurons were observed in the VCN only. 5-HTT-IR was especially prominent in VCN neurons at P21 and was observed in all of the brains examined at this age. These results indicate that auditory brainstem neurons of the normal inbred mouse express the 5-HTT postnatally. The presence of 5-HTT-IR in neurons located in the VCN indicates a regional expression of the 5-HTT that is related to the ascending auditory pathway. The timing of 5-HTT expression indicates that 5-HT may modulate developmental processes that rely on cochlear input.

Aging↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship of pubertal status to body image, social physique anxiety, preoccupation with weight and nutritional status in young females.

The relationship of puberty to body image, social physique anxiety, preoccupation with weight and nutritional status was examined in 77 non-obese females (7-16 years). Results showed that 34% of the pre-pubescent girls, 36% of the early pubescent girls and 76% of the post-pubescent girls were dissatisfied with their body shape. Social physique anxiety, determined by the SPAS scale, and preoccupation with weight, measured by the Eating Disorder Inventory were observed in all pubertal groups but were more evident in the early and post-pubescent groups. No significant difference existed among the maturation groups in mean caloric and nutrient intake. The results showed that antecedents for developing an eating disorder existed in all maturational groups studied, although no health risk behaviours regarding nutritional status were observed.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Does the mode of donor death influence the early outcome of lung transplantation? A review of lung transplantation from donors involved in major trauma.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary dysfunction, often delayed in presentation, is among the sequelae of major trauma. Transplantation of lungs from donors involved in major trauma therefore carries a risk of early graft dysfunction. This study was conducted to assess this risk. METHODS: A retrospective comparison of the outcome from 123 donors (57 donors resulting from major trauma, group T, and 66 donors with nontraumatic origin, group NT) in 125 consecutive technically successful lung or heart-lung transplantations. Variables analyzed included the following: clinical and bacteriologic details of donors and indexes of early graft dysfunction in the recipients. RESULTS: Group T donors were more likely to be younger and male (p < 0.05) and more likely to have had lung ventilation for over 48 hours (p < 0.05) than group NT donors. Microbial contamination of routine donor bronchial lavage (72 of 122, 61%) was no higher in group T (34 of 57, 60%), but, in this group, enteric gram-negative bacilli were more common (30% versus 7%; p < 0.05). Male patients were more likely to receive lungs from group T donors (35 male, 23 female), and female patients were more likely to receive lungs from group NT donors (27 male, 40 female). Mode of donor death did not affect the following indexes of early graft function: length of postoperative ventilation, ratio of arterial oxygen tension to fractional concentration of inspired oxygen at 1 or 24 hours after transplantation, or the incidence of diffuse alveolar damage in lung biopsy specimens at 7 days. Thirty-day mortality (28%) was no higher among recipients of group T lungs, but six recipient deaths were donor-related (donor-transmitted pneumonia in five and donor acquired fat embolism in one case). CONCLUSION: The use of donors involved in major trauma does not increase the risk of early complications after lung transplantation providing their specific characteristics are recognized.

Adult↗